# \*ḳVwVm- 'stand (up), rise'

A Proto-Semitic root the Linear A Lexicon's readings rest on.

- Author's gloss: to stand, rise; establish
- SED semet 1178
- Record: https://github.com/plasma-ai/kaphtor/blob/add28e9473c07931be80fd0b364181739fc5519a/wiki/semitic-roots/q/1134_stand_up_rise.md

## In Linear A

- [MA-KA-I-SE](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/MA-KA-I-SE/index.md>) (Makī-se): personal name: Makī with the Zakros -SE; Amorite maqīm 'Established'; rival the Egyptian name mkj
- [MA-KA-I-TA](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/MA-KA-I-TA/index.md>) (Makīt): personal name (f.), the feminine of Makī (MA-KA-I-SE); rival the Egyptian name mkj·t
- [QA-MI-\*47-NA-RA](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/QA-MI-*47-NA-RA/index.md>) (qāmī šū-nāra): personal name, 'who stands: He is fire'

## Notes

Akkadian qāmu is from Canaanite (LGz. 456). SED's Akkadian ḳamām- 'stand up straight (of hair), stand on end' is cited from AHw through LGz., which does not print it; CAD Q 76 has qamâmu (kamâmu) 'to dress hair', lexical texts only, cf. qimmatu 'hair of the head'.

## Reflexes: East Semitic

- Eblaitic: /q-w-m/: names a-gú-mu, gú-um; /qām, qawm/: cf. names a-du-ga-mu, a-ḫu-kam₄, ga-ma-bí (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 361–362) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Northwest Semitic

- Mandaic Aramaic: QUM (MD 407)
- Ugaritic: ḳm (DULAT 692) (gloss withheld)
- Biblical Aramaic: ḳwm (CAL s.v. qwm)
- Hebrew: ḳwm (HALOT 1086) (gloss withheld)
- Syrian Aramaic: ḳwm (Payne Smith 494)
- Aramaic: Pal ḳwm (DJPA 479b apud CAL)
- Punic: qm 'persist' [Anderson–Moser 2024 root qwm]
- Amorite: qwm: jaqūm, qāma, qāmum, jāqīm (Gelb AS 21, 29); maqīm, taqūm, yaqīm, taqīm (Buck 2019, 331); q-w-m: ia-kum, ia-ku-ú-um, ia-qum-ba-li; qām, qawm: qa-ma-da-num, ga-mi-DINGIR, ga-mu-ᵈIM (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 361–362) (gloss withheld)
- Phoenician: qwm (B 404) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Arabic

- Arabic: ḳwm [-u-]
- Pre-Islamic North Arabian: Safaitic ʾqm (Al-Jallad 2026, 115) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Epigraphic South Arabian

- Epigraphic South Arabian: ḳwm (Sabaweb lemma 1938) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Ethiopic and Modern South Arabian

- Geez: ḳwm (gloss withheld)
- Gurage: Sod ḳomäm, Cha ḳʷämäm
- Amharic: ḳomä (Kogan 2015, ch. 7 §2.3 no. 79)
- Gafat: ḳomä (Kogan 2015, ch. 7 §2.3 no. 79)
- Argobba: ḳoma, oma
- Tigrinya: ḳomä (Kogan 2015, ch. 7 §2.3 no. 79)

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Page: https://linear-a.ai/roots/1134/
Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cite as: di Mino, Tom. 2026. Linear A Lexicon. Plasma AI. https://linear-a.ai/. Data: kaphtor, commit add28e94.