# \*yad- ~ \*ʾid- 'hand'

A Proto-Semitic root the Linear A Lexicon's readings rest on.

- Author's gloss: hand, arm, power; in the charge of
- SED semet 2239
- Record: https://github.com/plasma-ai/kaphtor/blob/50525edd50131a50e59ec82bf5132da0fa89efc9/wiki/semitic-roots/y/2046_hand.md

## In Linear A

- [\*333-DI-NA-SU-KA](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/*333-DI-NA-SU-KA/index.md>) (bīdi Našūka): In the charge of Našūka ('the Bitten one')—custody formula + personal name on a sealed receipt
- [\*333-DI-SU-KA](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/*333-DI-SU-KA/index.md>) (bīdi Sūka): In the charge of Sūka—custody formula + personal name on a sealed receipt
- [I-DA](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DA/index.md>) (ʾIda): Ida, 'the Hand' (sacred mountain—toponym/theonym)
- [I-DA-A](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DA-A/index.md>) (ʾIda): of Ida (diptotic genitive after DU-\*314-RE); rival 'toward Ida'
- [I-DA-MI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DA-MI/index.md>) (ʾIda=mi): Ida, 'the Hand', the sacred mountain, with emphatic enclitic -mi
- [I-DA-PA₃-I-SA-RI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DA-PA~E2~82~83-I-SA-RI/index.md>) (ʾIdā bi-ʾišarī): Ida, in righteousness (toponym + prepositional phrase written as one word)
- [I-DU-NE-SI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DU-NE-SI/index.md>) (Yidu-naḥši): Strength is alive, the arm thrives (personal name); rival Yidu-nešše, Hurrian 'prosperity'
- [I-DU-TI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/I-DU-TI/index.md>) (Yidu-ti): entity name: yidu 'strength' with TI
- [JA-DI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/JA-DI/index.md>) (Yadi): Hand (personal name); rivals Yadīn 'he judges', Yadiʿ 'he knows'
- [JE-DI](<https://linear-a.ai/lexicon/JE-DI/index.md>) (yedī): gentilic 'the Idaean' (of Mount Ida); rivals the personal name 'He knows' and the gentilic 'Judean'

## Notes

Assyro-Babylonian idu < *yadu shows ya- > i- monophthongization (Lipiński OLA80 §22.14). Change a > i regular before weak consonants in Akkadian (§21.10).

## Reflexes: East Semitic

- Akkadian: idu OA on [CAD i 10], [AHw 363].
- Eblaitic: /yid-/ (ma-u₉ i-da, VE 626a; Krebernik 1983, 24); /yad/: cf. name a-du-na; i-da, i-da-da, i-tim /yid, yidat/; names i-du-na, ì-du-na, i-du-a (Sanmartín GlOS 2, 370–371); i-da-2 /yidayn/ (dual), in ma-ḫa-zi i-da-2 (= Sum. šu-šu-ra) (VE 531; Bonechi 2008, 14) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Northwest Semitic

- Mandaic Aramaic: ʕda [DM 341]
- Ugaritic: yd [Aist 127]
- Biblical Aramaic: *yad (BDB 1094)
- Phoenician: yd [T 123]; bd (Krahmalkov 97–98) (gloss withheld)
- Punic: bd (Krahmalkov 98); bod; Neo-Punic bud, bod (Krahmalkov 97) (gloss withheld)
- Modern Aramaic: MAL īḏa [Berg 19] TUR īḏo [R Ṭūrōyo 115] MLH izo [J Mlah 179] HRT ʔida [J Hert 182] NASS īdä [Tser 095] URM iydǝ [R Urmi 99] ZKH ʔīz₂a [R Zakho 105] MMND īd, emph. īda [M MND 505] GZR ʔíza [Nak 69] AZR ida [Garb 310] IRAN *eydā [Pen 75] (gloss withheld)
- Hebrew: yād (HALOT 386)
- Judaic Aramaic: yǝdā [Ja 564]; also ʔīdā, ʔayḏā (only TargYer) [ibid. 45]; yad, ʔīd, det. yǝdā [DJPA 234b apud CAL] (gloss withheld) [Ja 45]
- Syrian Aramaic: ʔīdā [Brock 295].
- Aramaic: SML DAL OLD OFF NBT PLM yd [HJ 435]
- Amorite: jadum, jidum (Gelb AS 21, 21); yid, yidat: i-di, i-di-ia, cf. i-da-nu-um (Ur III) (Sanmartín GlOS 2, 371) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Arabic

- Arabic: yad- [BK 2 1624]
- Pre-Islamic North Arabian: Safaitic yd (Al-Jallad–Jaworska 142); Dadanitic yd; Taymanitic yd; Thamudic B yd; Hasaitic yd; Dhofari yd (Al-Jallad 2026, 171) (gloss withheld)

## Reflexes: Epigraphic South Arabian

- Epigraphic South Arabian: SAB yd [SD 167; Sabaweb lemma 1579], QAT yd [Ricks 81], MIN yd [LM 108]

## Reflexes: Ethiopic and Modern South Arabian

- Mehri: ḥayd [JM 460] (gloss withheld)
- Soqotri: ʔed [LS 52]; Qalan.-B. hēd, Hadibo ʔəʔəd.
- Harsusi: ḥayd [JH 146] (gloss withheld)
- Tigre: ʔǝde [LH 383]
- East Ethiopic: SEL ǝnǯe, WOL ǝnǯ, ZWY ǝñǯi [LGur 28-29]
- Geez: ʔǝd [LGz 7].
- Gurage: CHA EŽA END ENN GYE MUH MSQ GOG SOD äǯ [LGur 28] (gloss withheld)
- Jibbali: éd [JJ 313] (gloss withheld)
- Amharic: ǝǯǯ [K 1313]
- Harari: iǯi [LHar 22]
- Tigrinya: ʔid [Bass 562]
- Argobba: ənǯ (SED I 262)

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Page: https://linear-a.ai/roots/2046/
Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cite as: di Mino, Tom. 2026. Linear A Lexicon. Plasma AI. https://linear-a.ai/. Data: kaphtor, commit 50525edd.