# \*ʾṯm: 'to fall into debt, to be guilty'

> Proto-Semitic *ʾṯm, 'to fall into debt, to be guilty': reflexes in 4 language(s).

A page of the Linear A Lexicon's research wiki, in [Wiki](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/index.md>) › [Kaphtor Semitic Roots](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/index.md>) › [ʾ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/alef/index.md>). Updated 2026-10-24.

## Root

| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | \*ʾṯm |
| Meaning | 'to fall into debt, to be guilty' |
| Basis | project |

## Reflexes

| Language | Form | Sources | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ugaritic | ʾṯm (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1) | Kogan 2015 ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1 | gloss withheld |
| Hebrew | ʾšm (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1) | Kogan 2015 ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1 | gloss withheld |
| Arabic | ʾṯm, ʾiṯm-, ʾaṯām- (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1) | Kogan 2015 ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1 | gloss withheld |
| Pre-Islamic North Arabian | Safaitic ʾṯm (Al-Jallad 2026, 9) | Al-Jallad 2026 9 | gloss withheld |

A form keeps its source's gloss only when the source is public domain or openly licensed.

## Notes

PCS \*ʾṯm 'to fall into debt, to be guilty' (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 1). Jib. ʾéṯəm 'sin' and, likely, Mhr. šəwṯūm, Jib. s̃ēṯəm are Arabic loans; Gez. ḥaŝama 'to be bad' is unrelated.

## Linked from

- [ʾ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/alef/index.md>)

---

Page: https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/alef/3229_to_fall_into_debt_to_be_guilty/
Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cite as: di Mino, Tom. 2026. Linear A Lexicon. Plasma AI. https://linear-a.ai/. Data: kaphtor, commit add28e94.