# \*ʕaḏar-: 'to help, assist'

> Proto-Semitic *ʕaḏar-, 'to help, assist': reflexes in 13 language(s).

A page of the Linear A Lexicon's research wiki, in [Wiki](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/index.md>) › [Kaphtor Semitic Roots](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/index.md>) › [ʿ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/ayin/index.md>). Updated 2026-10-22.

## Root

| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | \*ʕaḏar- |
| Meaning | 'to help, assist' |
| Basis | project |

## Reflexes

| Language | Form | Sources | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | ʿaḏara 'to excuse' (Lane 1983) | Lane 1983 |  |
| Ugaritic | ʿḏr (DULAT 149). Note: Ug preserves interdental ḏ where Hebrew has z. | DULAT 149 | gloss withheld |
| Phoenician | ʿzr (Krahmalkov 363) | Krahmalkov 363 | gloss withheld |
| Hebrew | ʿāzar (HALOT 811) | HALOT 811 | gloss withheld |
| Aramaic | ʿădar 'to help' (Jastrow 1046) | Jastrow 1046 |  |
| Punic | ʿzr; Neo-Punic ʾdr ʿzrm (Krahmalkov 363) | Krahmalkov 363; Anderson–Moser 2024 root ʿḏr | gloss withheld |
| Syrian Aramaic | ʿedrā (HALOT 811) | HALOT 811 | gloss withheld |
| Amorite | ʿḏr: jaʿḏar, ʿaḏar, ʿaḏarum, ʿāḏirum (Gelb AS 21, 15); yaʿḏur, ʿaḏru/ʿaḏiru (Buck 2019, 324–325); ḫāziru (Streck 2000, 96); ʿ-ḏ-r, ʿ-d-r: ta-da-ra, ia-dar-DINGIR, ia-aḫ-za-ar-DINGIR; ʿaḏr, ʿadr, ʿiḏr, ʿidr: ḫa-az-ra-an, ḫa-az-ri-ia, ad-ra-nu-um (Ur III) (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71) | Gelb AS 21 15; Buck 2019, 324–325; Streck 2000 96; Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71 | gloss withheld |
| Canaanite | EA i-zi-ir-tu, i-zir-t\[a\], ḫi-zi-ir-ta (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 2, fn. 608); EG SYLL ʿu=ḏi₄=-r, ʿu₂=ḏi₄=-r, ʿ=ḏi₄=-r=ya /\*ʿōḏir, ʿōḏirya/ (Hoch 88–89) | Kogan 2015 ch. 3 §5.3 no. 2, fn. 608; Hoch 88–89 | gloss withheld |
| Akkadian | azāru (CAD A/2 527) | CAD A/2 527 | gloss withheld |
| Eblaitic | /ʿaḏr, ʿadr, ʿiḏr, ʿidr/: name iš₁₁-rí-mu-ud (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71) | Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71 | gloss withheld |
| Epigraphic South Arabian | Sab ʿḏrn (inf.); stʿḏrthw; ʿḏr(m), ʾʿḏr (Biella 355) | Biella 355 | gloss withheld |
| Pre-Islamic North Arabian | Safaitic ʿḏr (Al-Jallad 2026, 12) | Al-Jallad 2026 12 | gloss withheld |

A form keeps its source's gloss only when the source is public domain or openly licensed.

## Notes

PS \*ḏ &gt; Hebrew z, Arabic ḏ. The Ugaritic form ʿḏr confirms the interdental. Krebernik 1988, 51 n. 17 weighs ṯ-r-y (?) for iš₁₁-rí-mu-ud (cf. Akk. šarûm 'to be rich', išru!), or /ʿidrī-/ 'my help'.

## Linked from

- [ʿ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/ayin/index.md>)

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Page: https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/ayin/S2_to_help_assist/
Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cite as: di Mino, Tom. 2026. Linear A Lexicon. Plasma AI. https://linear-a.ai/. Data: kaphtor, commit add28e94.