# \*ṯ̣alam-: 'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly'

> Proto-Semitic *ṯ̣alam-, 'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly': reflexes in 5 language(s).

A page of the Linear A Lexicon's research wiki, in [Wiki](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/index.md>) › [Kaphtor Semitic Roots](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/index.md>) › [ẓ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/za/index.md>). Updated 2026-10-26.

## Root

| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | \*ṯ̣alam- |
| Meaning | 'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly' |
| Basis | project |

## Reflexes

| Language | Form | Sources | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | ẓalama 'to wrong, oppress', ẓulm 'injustice' (Lane 1921) | Lane 1921 |  |
| Geez | ṭalama (Leslau 589) | Leslau 589 | gloss withheld |
| Syrian Aramaic | ṭlam 'oppress, wrong, defraud; refuse' (Payne Smith 175) | Payne Smith 175 |  |
| Pre-Islamic North Arabian | Safaitic ẓlm, ẓlm (ptc.), pl. ẓlmn; ẓlm (Al-Jallad 2026, 177) | Al-Jallad 2026 177 | gloss withheld |
| Mandaic Aramaic | ṭulma (LGz. 591) | LGz. 591 | gloss withheld |

A form keeps its source's gloss only when the source is public domain or openly licensed.

## Notes

Arabic ẓ and Syriac ṭ point to \*ṯ̣. Al-Jallad (2026, 177) compares Aramaic ṭlm 'to oppress' and Sab ẓlm 'to be unjust, be bad', ẓlm 'injustice, wickedness'.

## Linked from

- [ẓ](<https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/za/index.md>)

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Page: https://linear-a.ai/wiki/semitic-roots/za/S13_to_wrong_oppress_treat_unjustly/
Licence: CC BY 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Cite as: di Mino, Tom. 2026. Linear A Lexicon. Plasma AI. https://linear-a.ai/. Data: kaphtor, commit add28e94.