*ʕaḏar-: 'to help, assist'

Root

FieldValue
Reconstruction*ʕaḏar-
Meaning'to help, assist'
Basisproject

Reflexes

LanguageFormSourcesNote
Arabicʿaḏara 'to excuse' (Lane 1983)Lane 1983
Ugariticʿḏr (DULAT 149). Note: Ug preserves interdental ḏ where Hebrew has z.DULAT 149gloss withheld
Phoenicianʿzr (Krahmalkov 363)Krahmalkov 363gloss withheld
Hebrewʿāzar (HALOT 811)HALOT 811gloss withheld
Aramaicʿădar 'to help' (Jastrow 1046)Jastrow 1046
Punicʿzr; Neo-Punic ʾdr ʿzrm (Krahmalkov 363)Krahmalkov 363; Anderson–Moser 2024 root ʿḏrgloss withheld
Syrian Aramaicʿedrā (HALOT 811)HALOT 811gloss withheld
Amoriteʿḏr: jaʿḏar, ʿaḏar, ʿaḏarum, ʿāḏirum (Gelb AS 21, 15); yaʿḏur, ʿaḏru/ʿaḏiru (Buck 2019, 324–325); ḫāziru (Streck 2000, 96); ʿ-ḏ-r, ʿ-d-r: ta-da-ra, ia-dar-DINGIR, ia-aḫ-za-ar-DINGIR; ʿaḏr, ʿadr, ʿiḏr, ʿidr: ḫa-az-ra-an, ḫa-az-ri-ia, ad-ra-nu-um (Ur III) (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71)Gelb AS 21 15; Buck 2019, 324–325; Streck 2000 96; Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71gloss withheld
CanaaniteEA i-zi-ir-tu, i-zir-t[a], ḫi-zi-ir-ta (Kogan 2015, ch. 3 §5.3 no. 2, fn. 608); EG SYLL ʿu=ḏi₄=-r, ʿu₂=ḏi₄=-r, ʿ=ḏi₄=-r=ya /*ʿōḏir, ʿōḏirya/ (Hoch 88–89)Kogan 2015 ch. 3 §5.3 no. 2, fn. 608; Hoch 88–89gloss withheld
Akkadianazāru (CAD A/2 527)CAD A/2 527gloss withheld
Eblaitic/ʿaḏr, ʿadr, ʿiḏr, ʿidr/: name iš₁₁-rí-mu-ud (Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71)Sanmartín GlOS 1, 71gloss withheld
Epigraphic South ArabianSab ʿḏrn (inf.); stʿḏrthw; ʿḏr(m), ʾʿḏr (Biella 355)Biella 355gloss withheld
Pre-Islamic North ArabianSafaitic ʿḏr (Al-Jallad 2026, 12)Al-Jallad 2026 12gloss withheld

A form keeps its source's gloss only when the source is public domain or openly licensed.

Notes

PS *ḏ > Hebrew z, Arabic ḏ. The Ugaritic form ʿḏr confirms the interdental. Krebernik 1988, 51 n. 17 weighs ṯ-r-y (?) for iš₁₁-rí-mu-ud (cf. Akk. šarûm 'to be rich', išru!), or /ʿidrī-/ 'my help'.

Updated 22 October 2026

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Linear A Lexicon