ʿ
*ʕVrVb-: 'mix': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrVb-, 'mix': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVliṯ-: 'mix': Proto-Semitic *ʕVliṯ-, 'mix': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVruk-: 'rub': Proto-Semitic *ʕVruk-, 'rub': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕaṣr-: 'feast, time, season (of pressing fruit?), night': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣr-, 'feast, time, season (of pressing fruit?), night': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʕāŝir-: 'ten': Proto-Semitic *ʕāŝir-, 'ten': reflexes in 25 language(s).
*ʕVlVl-: 'do, be occupied': Proto-Semitic *ʕVlVl-, 'do, be occupied': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕaṯan-: 'smoke': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯan-, 'smoke': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕāpiy-: 'heal, cure' 1, 'health' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕāpiy-, 'heal, cure' 1, 'health' 2: reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕapar-: 'dust, soil': Proto-Semitic *ʕapar-, 'dust, soil': reflexes in 22 language(s).
*ʕāgur-: 'swan': Proto-Semitic *ʕāgur-, 'swan': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕuḳāb-: 'vulture' 1, 'bird' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕuḳāb-, 'vulture' 1, 'bird' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕa/iṣ̂Vd-: 'arm': Proto-Semitic *ʕa/iṣ̂Vd-, 'arm': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVḏub-: 'be sweet': Proto-Semitic *ʕVḏub-, 'be sweet': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕud-: 'count' 1, 'declare, communicate' 2, 'menstrual period' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕud-, 'count' 1, 'declare, communicate' 2, 'menstrual period' 3: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕVṣVd-: 'harvest' (v.): Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣVd-, 'harvest' (v.): reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕa/uṣa/uṣ-: 'tailbone': Proto-Semitic *ʕa/uṣa/uṣ-, 'tailbone': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVrag-: 'be lame': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrag-, 'be lame': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕumām-: 'animals': Proto-Semitic *ʕumām-, 'animals': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕ/ɣa/ub(a)b-: 'bosom, chest; dewlap': Proto-Semitic *ʕ/ɣa/ub(a)b-, 'bosom, chest; dewlap': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVtun-: 'push': Proto-Semitic *ʕVtun-, 'push': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVṭiš-: 'to sneeze': Proto-Semitic *ʕVṭiš-, 'to sneeze': reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʕagūr-: 'crane': Proto-Semitic *ʕagūr-, 'crane': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕall- ~ *ʕVlʕVl- ~ *laʕl-: 'height, elevation, the above' 1, 'upper part' 2, 'be high, elevated' 3, 'raise, elevate' 4: Proto-Semitic *ʕall- ~ *ʕVlʕVl- ~ *laʕl-, 'height, elevation, the above' 1, 'upper part' 2, 'be high, elevated' 3, 'raise, elevate' 4: reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʕVlVl-: 'drink for the second time': Proto-Semitic *ʕVlVl-, 'drink for the second time': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕalaḳ-: 'coagulated blood': Proto-Semitic *ʕalaḳ-, 'coagulated blood': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕam(m/w/y)-: 'a thornbush' 1, 'plants, herbs in general' 2, 'large palm trees' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕam(m/w/y)-, 'a thornbush' 1, 'plants, herbs in general' 2, 'large palm trees' 3: reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVnVn-: 'appear' 1, 'clouds' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVn-, 'appear' 1, 'clouds' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVwVy-: 'cry': Proto-Semitic *ʕVwVy-, 'cry': reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʕVbur- 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ~ *ʕa/ibr- 5: 'cross' 1, 'extend beyond (something)' 2, 'move through, pass over, by, travel (along a road)' 3, 'inundate, invade' 4, '(river) bank' 5, 'go far away' 6: Proto-Semitic *ʕVbur- 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ~ *ʕa/ibr- 5, 'cross' 1, 'extend beyond (something)' 2, 'move through, pass over, by, travel (along a road)' 3, 'inundate, invade' 4, '(river) bank' 5, 'go far away' 6: reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʕVn-: 'turn': Proto-Semitic *ʕVn-, 'turn': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕabūr-: 'harvest' 1, 'produce' 2, 'grain' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕabūr-, 'harvest' 1, 'produce' 2, 'grain' 3: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕVbVl-: 'to fit an iron tip to an arrow': Proto-Semitic *ʕVbVl-, 'to fit an iron tip to an arrow': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVnz- {} *ʕVnʒ-: 'goat': Proto-Semitic *ʕVnz- {} *ʕVnʒ-, 'goat': reflexes in 21 language(s).
*ʕigl-: 'calf': Proto-Semitic *ʕigl-, 'calf': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʕayp-, *pa(y)ʕ-: 'kid': Proto-Semitic *ʕayp-, *pa(y)ʕ-, 'kid': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVnVḳ-: 'female kid': Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVḳ-, 'female kid': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕayr-: '(male) donkey': Proto-Semitic *ʕayr-, '(male) donkey': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʕīd-at- ~ *ʕidd-: 'assembly, gathering of people': Proto-Semitic *ʕīd-at- ~ *ʕidd-, 'assembly, gathering of people': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕagb-: 'rump, buttocks': Proto-Semitic *ʕagb-, 'rump, buttocks': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕaḳib-/*ʕiḳb-: 'heel' 1, 'continuation, consequence' 2, 'give in exchange, requite' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕaḳib-/*ʕiḳb-, 'heel' 1, 'continuation, consequence' 2, 'give in exchange, requite' 3: reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʕa(n)ṣab- {} *ʕa(n)c̣ab-: 'sinew, nerves': Proto-Semitic *ʕa(n)ṣab- {} *ʕa(n)c̣ab-, 'sinew, nerves': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕ/ɣap-(ʕ/ɣap-): 'pupil of the eye (eye-lids, eye-lashes, pupil)': Proto-Semitic *ʕ/ɣap-(ʕ/ɣap-), 'pupil of the eye (eye-lids, eye-lashes, pupil)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕap/baḳ-: 'sores, scabies, leprosy': Proto-Semitic *ʕap/baḳ-, 'sores, scabies, leprosy': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕapal-: 'haemorrhoids, thickening of tissue': Proto-Semitic *ʕapal-, 'haemorrhoids, thickening of tissue': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕa/irḳ-: 'tendon, muscle, vein, nerve; root' 1, 'lowland, coastal plain' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕa/irḳ-, 'tendon, muscle, vein, nerve; root' 1, 'lowland, coastal plain' 2: reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʕarḳūb-: '(Achilles') tendon': Proto-Semitic *ʕarḳūb-, '(Achilles') tendon': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕVrray-(at-): 'intestines; excrement': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrray-(at-), 'intestines; excrement': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕaṣay- {} *ʕac̣ay-: 'backbone': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣay- {} *ʕac̣ay-, 'backbone': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVṣ̂ā/īṣ̂-: '(kind of) bone': Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣ̂ā/īṣ̂-, '(kind of) bone': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕaṯ̣m-(at-): 'bone': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯ̣m-(at-), 'bone': reflexes in 24 language(s).
*ʕw/yš ~ *ʕšw/y {} *ʕw/ys ~ *ʕsw/y: 'kind of disease (fever, cold in the head; plague)': Proto-Semitic *ʕw/yš ~ *ʕšw/y {} *ʕw/ys ~ *ʕsw/y, 'kind of disease (fever, cold in the head; plague)': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕḳr: 'to be sterile, without offspring (of man and woman)': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳr, 'to be sterile, without offspring (of man and woman)': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕlg: 'to stammer': Proto-Semitic *ʕlg, 'to stammer': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕmy: 'to be blind': Proto-Semitic *ʕmy, 'to be blind': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕwr (-i-): 'to be blind': Proto-Semitic *ʕwr (-i-), 'to be blind': reflexes in 24 language(s).
*ʕayn-: 'eye': Proto-Semitic *ʕayn-, 'eye': reflexes in 30 language(s).
*ʕabVw-: 'kind of fish': Proto-Semitic *ʕabVw-, 'kind of fish': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕakbar-: 'mouse, jerboa': Proto-Semitic *ʕakbar-, 'mouse, jerboa': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʕala/ūḳ(-at)-: 'leech': Proto-Semitic *ʕala/ūḳ(-at)-, 'leech': reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʕankab(īṯ)-: 'spider': Proto-Semitic *ʕankab(īṯ)-, 'spider': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʕar(ā)d-: 'wild ass': Proto-Semitic *ʕar(ā)d-, 'wild ass': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr-: 'bird of prey': Proto-Semitic *ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr-, 'bird of prey': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕat(t)ūd-: 'male of small cattle': Proto-Semitic *ʕat(t)ūd-, 'male of small cattle': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕawp-: 'bird; to fly': Proto-Semitic *ʕawp-, 'bird; to fly': reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʕurīṯ̣-: 'male kid': Proto-Semitic *ʕurīṯ̣-, 'male kid': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVgVr-: 'kind of bird': Proto-Semitic *ʕVgVr-, 'kind of bird': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVrṣ̂-: 'kind of insect': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrṣ̂-, 'kind of insect': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVrVb-: 'kind of insect, worm': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrVb-, 'kind of insect, worm': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕVrw/y-: 'kind of wild cat': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrw/y-, 'kind of wild cat': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVsVb-: 'kind of bird': Proto-Semitic *ʕVsVb-, 'kind of bird': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVṯ̣āy-: 'kind of lizard': Proto-Semitic *ʕVṯ̣āy-, 'kind of lizard': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVṯ(V)ṯ-: 'moth': Proto-Semitic *ʕVṯ(V)ṯ-, 'moth': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVwVl-: 'young of domestic animals, foal; suckling' 1, 'family, those one feeds' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVwVl-, 'young of domestic animals, foal; suckling' 1, 'family, those one feeds' 2: reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʕārīṣ̂-: 'cheek': Proto-Semitic *ʕārīṣ̂-, 'cheek': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕayŝₓ-: 'bread, corn food': Proto-Semitic *ʕayŝₓ-, 'bread, corn food': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕawr-(at-) ~ *ʕVrw-(at-): 'pudenda': Proto-Semitic *ʕawr-(at-) ~ *ʕVrw-(at-), 'pudenda': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕVnḳ-: 'neck' 1, 'necklace, ring' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVnḳ-, 'neck' 1, 'necklace, ring' 2: reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʕVng(-at)-: 'neck' 1, 'one having a long neck' 2, 'earring, nosering, chain (for the neck)' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕVng(-at)-, 'neck' 1, 'one having a long neck' 2, 'earring, nosering, chain (for the neck)' 3: reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʕulgum- ~~ *lagaʕ-: 'bull; calf': Proto-Semitic *ʕulgum- ~~ *lagaʕ-, 'bull; calf': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕagab- ~ *gʷabay-: 'buffalo': Proto-Semitic *ʕagab- ~ *gʷabay-, 'buffalo': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕalūḳ- ~ *ʕalig-: 'female camel; camel-calf': Proto-Semitic *ʕalūḳ- ~ *ʕalig-, 'female camel; camel-calf': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVt-: 'time; night': Proto-Semitic *ʕVt-, 'time; night': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVyy-at-: 'suckling lamb': Proto-Semitic *ʕVyy-at-, 'suckling lamb': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕumr-: 'ashes': Proto-Semitic *ʕumr-, 'ashes': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕ/ɣby: 'be big, thick': Proto-Semitic *ʕ/ɣby, 'be big, thick': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʕVrp-: 'cloud' 1, 'shading cover (tent, garment)' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVrp-, 'cloud' 1, 'shading cover (tent, garment)' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕišt-Vn-: 'one': Proto-Semitic *ʕišt-Vn-, 'one': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕiḳ(ḳ)ār-: 'root; medicine': Proto-Semitic *ʕiḳ(ḳ)ār-, 'root; medicine': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʕmr: 'say, speak': Proto-Semitic *ʕmr, 'say, speak': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕVmVd-: 'lean against, support, stand' 1, 'intend, make for' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVmVd-, 'lean against, support, stand' 1, 'intend, make for' 2: reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʕḳr: 'to grow big': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳr, 'to grow big': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕlm: 'know; sign': Proto-Semitic *ʕlm, 'know; sign': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕgl: 'be round, surround' 1, 'to hasten; quickly' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕgl, 'be round, surround' 1, 'to hasten; quickly' 2: reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʕatVq-: 'old, ancient, noble' 1, 'to go past, cross' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕatVq-, 'old, ancient, noble' 1, 'to go past, cross' 2: reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʕVrb-: 'to enter; to set (sun), west': Proto-Semitic *ʕVrb-, 'to enter; to set (sun), west': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʕōl-at-: 'burnt offering, holocaust': Proto-Semitic *ʕōl-at-, 'burnt offering, holocaust': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕVbd-: 'to serve, work; servant': Proto-Semitic *ʕVbd-, 'to serve, work; servant': reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʕazVz-: 'to be strong, mighty, fierce': Proto-Semitic *ʕazVz-, 'to be strong, mighty, fierce': reflexes in 19 language(s).
*ʕaṯtart-: 'Astarte (goddess of love and war)': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯtart-, 'Astarte (goddess of love and war)': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕanat-: 'Anat (warrior goddess)': Proto-Semitic *ʕanat-, 'Anat (warrior goddess)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕaqrab-: 'scorpion': Proto-Semitic *ʕaqrab-, 'scorpion': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʕVṣūr-: 'bird': Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣūr-, 'bird': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʿVḏVb-: 'repair, put in order; penalty, amends': Proto-Semitic *ʿVḏVb-, 'repair, put in order; penalty, amends': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʿVṯVr-: 'be rich': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṯVr-, 'be rich': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕalas-: 'spelt (kind of wheat)': Proto-Semitic *ʕalas-, 'spelt (kind of wheat)': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕidḳ-: '(lock/tuft of) hair, curl, fleece': Proto-Semitic *ʕidḳ-, '(lock/tuft of) hair, curl, fleece': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVz- {} *ʕVʒ-: 'bird of prey': Proto-Semitic *ʕVz- {} *ʕVʒ-, 'bird of prey': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVtVd-: 'be ready, prepare': Proto-Semitic *ʕVtVd-, 'be ready, prepare': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕālam-: 'long time, eternity': Proto-Semitic *ʕālam-, 'long time, eternity': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʕVnVp-: 'branch, twigs': Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVp-, 'branch, twigs': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕVḳVl-: 'turn, bend, twist': Proto-Semitic *ʕVḳVl-, 'turn, bend, twist': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVšVḳ-: 'oppress, exploit': Proto-Semitic *ʕVšVḳ-, 'oppress, exploit': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕVlVs-: 'to taste, eat and drink': Proto-Semitic *ʕVlVs-, 'to taste, eat and drink': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕnš: 'impose a fine, punish': Proto-Semitic *ʕnš, 'impose a fine, punish': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕqš: 'twist; act crookedly': Proto-Semitic *ʕqš, 'twist; act crookedly': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕwr: 'to wake up, be awake; to rouse': Proto-Semitic *ʕwr, 'to wake up, be awake; to rouse': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕgb: 'to wish, to desire': Proto-Semitic *ʕgb, 'to wish, to desire': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕiŝr-ū: 'twenty': Proto-Semitic *ʕiŝr-ū, 'twenty': reflexes in 19 language(s).
*ʕād-: '(he is) still': Proto-Semitic *ʕād-, '(he is) still': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʕgm: 'to block, to stop': Proto-Semitic *ʕgm, 'to block, to stop': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿimm(-a): 'together with': Proto-Semitic *ʿimm(-a), 'together with': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʕarʕar-: 'juniper' 1, 'tamarisk' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕarʕar-, 'juniper' 1, 'tamarisk' 2: reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕḳḳ: 'to cleave, slit, cut': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳḳ, 'to cleave, slit, cut': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕibal: 'flint': Proto-Semitic *ʕibal, 'flint': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕdg: 'to suck': Proto-Semitic *ʕdg, 'to suck': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕdl: 'to lift, to carry': Proto-Semitic *ʕdl, 'to lift, to carry': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕan-Vt-: 'skin': Proto-Semitic *ʕan-Vt-, 'skin': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕŝŝ: 'to rise': Proto-Semitic *ʕŝŝ, 'to rise': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕamḳ-: 'middle': Proto-Semitic *ʕamḳ-, 'middle': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕrṣ̂: 'to wean': Proto-Semitic *ʕrṣ̂, 'to wean': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕar: 'but': Proto-Semitic *ʕar, 'but': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕardVb-: 'nape': Proto-Semitic *ʕardVb-, 'nape': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕrr: 'to block, to withhold': Proto-Semitic *ʕrr, 'to block, to withhold': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕtk: 'to stick, attach': Proto-Semitic *ʕtk, 'to stick, attach': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕwn: 'to help, aid': Proto-Semitic *ʕwn, 'to help, aid': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕyr: 'caravan': Proto-Semitic *ʕyr, 'caravan': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕyr: 'to disgrace; disgrace, shame': Proto-Semitic *ʕyr, 'to disgrace; disgrace, shame': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕwg: 'to be bent, crooked': Proto-Semitic *ʕwg, 'to be bent, crooked': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕrḍ: 'breadth, width' 1, 'wide valley' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕrḍ, 'breadth, width' 1, 'wide valley' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕḳb: 'to protect, guard': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳb, 'to protect, guard': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕwn: 'dwelling, lair': Proto-Semitic *ʕwn, 'dwelling, lair': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕgr: 'to be thick' 1, 'harm, evil' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕgr, 'to be thick' 1, 'harm, evil' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕrk: 'battle line, battle': Proto-Semitic *ʕrk, 'battle line, battle': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕmr: 'to dwell, live long; life': Proto-Semitic *ʕmr, 'to dwell, live long; life': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕsb: 'to hire; hire, wages': Proto-Semitic *ʕsb, 'to hire; hire, wages': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕwl: 'to act unjustly; injustice': Proto-Semitic *ʕwl, 'to act unjustly; injustice': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕmḳ: 'strength; strong': Proto-Semitic *ʕmḳ, 'strength; strong': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕsr: 'to press (a debtor) for payment': Proto-Semitic *ʕsr, 'to press (a debtor) for payment': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕly: 'ascent, height; steps': Proto-Semitic *ʕly, 'ascent, height; steps': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕṯ̣m: 'to be powerful, great; to be numerous': Proto-Semitic *ʕṯ̣m, 'to be powerful, great; to be numerous': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕny: 'to be occupied, troubled with; to concern': Proto-Semitic *ʕny, 'to be occupied, troubled with; to concern': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVlaḳ-: 'to hang (on), cling, adhere': Proto-Semitic *ʕVlaḳ-, 'to hang (on), cling, adhere': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕŝr: 'to invite; to give a banquet': Proto-Semitic *ʕŝr, 'to invite; to give a banquet': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕrb: 'to offer, present (a gift, a sacrifice)': Proto-Semitic *ʕrb, 'to offer, present (a gift, a sacrifice)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVŝVy-: 'do, make': Proto-Semitic *ʕVŝVy-, 'do, make': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕVnVw-: 'produce (of land)': Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVw-, 'produce (of land)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕṣy: 'to resist, oppose, disobey; to quarrel': Proto-Semitic *ʕṣy, 'to resist, oppose, disobey; to quarrel': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕwy: 'to bend, twist; bending, curvature': Proto-Semitic *ʕwy, 'to bend, twist; bending, curvature': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕyṭ: 'to scream, shout': Proto-Semitic *ʕyṭ, 'to scream, shout': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕaṯtar-: 'ʕAṯtar (astral god)': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṯtar-, 'ʕAṯtar (astral god)': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕbṭ: 'to take or give a pledge': Proto-Semitic *ʕbṭ, 'to take or give a pledge': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕaṣ̂b-: 'sabre': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣ̂b-, 'sabre': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕabāʾ-: 'wool cloak': Proto-Semitic *ʕabāʾ-, 'wool cloak': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕan: 'away from': Proto-Semitic *ʕan, 'away from': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕṣd: 'band, horde (of troops)': Proto-Semitic *ʕṣd, 'band, horde (of troops)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕḳr: 'pursue (game)': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳr, 'pursue (game)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕdn: 'to remain, stay' 1, 'store' 2, 'company of men, troop' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕdn, 'to remain, stay' 1, 'store' 2, 'company of men, troop' 3: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕaṣāw/y-: 'stick': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣāw/y-, 'stick': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕadd-: 'herald, messenger': Proto-Semitic *ʕadd-, 'herald, messenger': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕdn: 'time, set term' 1, 'to appoint the time' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕdn, 'time, set term' 1, 'to appoint the time' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕdm: 'to lack, be destitute' 1, 'lack, desolation' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕdm, 'to lack, be destitute' 1, 'lack, desolation' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVn-at-: 'furrow': Proto-Semitic *ʕVn-at-, 'furrow': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕrw: 'to befall (of illness); to be consumed': Proto-Semitic *ʕrw, 'to befall (of illness); to be consumed': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVḳip-: 'twist': Proto-Semitic *ʕVḳip-, 'twist': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVḳid-: 'bind' 1, 'knot' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVḳid-, 'bind' 1, 'knot' 2: reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʕVkVw-: 'make a knot (on the horse tail)': Proto-Semitic *ʕVkVw-, 'make a knot (on the horse tail)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕwq: 'to hold back' 1, 'parapet' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕwq, 'to hold back' 1, 'parapet' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVdVw/y-: 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVdVw/y-, 'run' 1, 'cross over, pass by' 2: reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʕdr: 'to hoe, chop': Proto-Semitic *ʕdr, 'to hoe, chop': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕbš: 'to dry up, shrivel': Proto-Semitic *ʕbš, 'to dry up, shrivel': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕṭw: 'to seize, grasp' 1, 'to delouse' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕṭw, 'to seize, grasp' 1, 'to delouse' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕṭn: 'to pile up (olives) to ripen; to soak, macerate': Proto-Semitic *ʕṭn, 'to pile up (olives) to ripen; to soak, macerate': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕyp ~ *wʕp: 'to be tired, to grow weary': Proto-Semitic *ʕyp ~ *wʕp, 'to be tired, to grow weary': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕwt: 'to bend, make crooked': Proto-Semitic *ʕwt, 'to bend, make crooked': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕrb: 'to be pleasant, pleasing': Proto-Semitic *ʕrb, 'to be pleasant, pleasing': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕyṯ: 'lion' 1, 'a constellation (the lioness; the Great Bear)' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕyṯ, 'lion' 1, 'a constellation (the lioness; the Great Bear)' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕḏr: 'enclosure, courtyard; protective wall': Proto-Semitic *ʕḏr, 'enclosure, courtyard; protective wall': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕrm: 'to be cunning, crafty': Proto-Semitic *ʕrm, 'to be cunning, crafty': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕagūz-: 'old woman': Proto-Semitic *ʕagūz-, 'old woman': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕuḳr-: 'reservoir, watering tank; dam wall': Proto-Semitic *ʕuḳr-, 'reservoir, watering tank; dam wall': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕaŝVr-: 'clan' 1, 'friend' 2, 'family' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕaŝVr-, 'clan' 1, 'friend' 2, 'family' 3: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕtw: 'to behave proudly, be insolent; to revolt from obedience': Proto-Semitic *ʕtw, 'to behave proudly, be insolent; to revolt from obedience': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕnk: 'closure (of a door), fastening, barring': Proto-Semitic *ʕnk, 'closure (of a door), fastening, barring': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕry: 'cold; cold wind': Proto-Semitic *ʕry, 'cold; cold wind': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕdy: 'to adorn oneself; jewellery': Proto-Semitic *ʕdy, 'to adorn oneself; jewellery': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕss: 'to crush underfoot' 1, 'grape juice, fresh must' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕss, 'to crush underfoot' 1, 'grape juice, fresh must' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕrs: 'whole-grain flour, dough; pearl barley': Proto-Semitic *ʕrs, 'whole-grain flour, dough; pearl barley': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕbk: '(a plant)': Proto-Semitic *ʕbk, '(a plant)': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕrḳ: 'cart, wagon': Proto-Semitic *ʕrḳ, 'cart, wagon': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕūr-: 'chaff, mote': Proto-Semitic *ʕūr-, 'chaff, mote': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕšm: 'to covet, desire': Proto-Semitic *ʕšm, 'to covet, desire': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕamm-: 'relative' 1, 'uncle' 2, 'ancestor' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕamm-, 'relative' 1, 'uncle' 2, 'ancestor' 3: reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʕfr: 'smell nice; perfume': Proto-Semitic *ʕfr, 'smell nice; perfume': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕḳṣ: 'twist, entangle': Proto-Semitic *ʕḳṣ, 'twist, entangle': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕaṣad-: 'courtyard, enclosure; village': Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣad-, 'courtyard, enclosure; village': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕyg: 'pond, pool; to gather (of water)': Proto-Semitic *ʕyg, 'pond, pool; to gather (of water)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVlVy/w-: 'be high' 1, 'rise' 2, 'cross' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʕVlVy/w-, 'be high' 1, 'rise' 2, 'cross' 3: reflexes in 18 language(s).
*ʕgb: 'to be weak': Proto-Semitic *ʕgb, 'to be weak': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVŝVy-: 'press, squeeze': Proto-Semitic *ʕVŝVy-, 'press, squeeze': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVnVy-: 'answer' 1, 'mean, express' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVy-, 'answer' 1, 'mean, express' 2: reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʕVnVh-: 'sing': Proto-Semitic *ʕVnVh-, 'sing': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕir-: 'town': Proto-Semitic *ʕir-, 'town': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕaḏ(V)r-: 'maiden': Proto-Semitic *ʕaḏ(V)r-, 'maiden': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕagm-: 'palm tree': Proto-Semitic *ʕagm-, 'palm tree': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕawān-: 'big palm': Proto-Semitic *ʕawān-, 'big palm': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕīṣ̂-: 'tree, wood': Proto-Semitic *ʕīṣ̂-, 'tree, wood': reflexes in 19 language(s).
*ʕadaš-: 'lentil': Proto-Semitic *ʕadaš-, 'lentil': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVbil-: 'fall (of leaves)': Proto-Semitic *ʕVbil-, 'fall (of leaves)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕāl-: 'leaf, foliage': Proto-Semitic *ʕāl-, 'leaf, foliage': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕapy-: 'reed thicket, canebrake' 1, 'thick foliage' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕapy-, 'reed thicket, canebrake' 1, 'thick foliage' 2: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʕaŝab-: 'be dry (of grass), produce grass': Proto-Semitic *ʕaŝab-, 'be dry (of grass), produce grass': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʕik-/*ʕuk-: 'be hot': Proto-Semitic *ʕik-/*ʕuk-, 'be hot': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕVb-: 'gulp, swallow in one draught': Proto-Semitic *ʕVb-, 'gulp, swallow in one draught': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVṣ̂-: 'bite' 1, 'harm' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVṣ̂-, 'bite' 1, 'harm' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVpVw-: 'give': Proto-Semitic *ʕVpVw-, 'give': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVwVr-: 'pay debts': Proto-Semitic *ʕVwVr-, 'pay debts': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVtVw-: 'give (a present)': Proto-Semitic *ʕVtVw-, 'give (a present)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕupVl-: 'hill': Proto-Semitic *ʕupVl-, 'hill': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕaḳab-: 'hill, slope': Proto-Semitic *ʕaḳab-, 'hill, slope': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʕVbal-/*ʕVbul-: 'be thick': Proto-Semitic *ʕVbal-/*ʕVbul-, 'be thick': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕuliy-: 'room with a high ceiling': Proto-Semitic *ʕuliy-, 'room with a high ceiling': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʕVl-: 'be ill': Proto-Semitic *ʕVl-, 'be ill': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕapiṣ-: 'bitter': Proto-Semitic *ʕapiṣ-, 'bitter': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVga/iz-: 'be unable, weak': Proto-Semitic *ʕVga/iz-, 'be unable, weak': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕanaʾ/y-: 'be tired': Proto-Semitic *ʕanaʾ/y-, 'be tired': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕVziḳ-: 'dig': Proto-Semitic *ʕVziḳ-, 'dig': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕVdil-: 'be just': Proto-Semitic *ʕVdil-, 'be just': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕVkiš-: 'turn upside down' 1, 'hobble' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕVkiš-, 'turn upside down' 1, 'hobble' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿinab- ~ *ġinab-: 'grapes', 'fruit': Proto-Semitic *ʿinab- ~ *ġinab-, 'grapes', 'fruit': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʿVdVr-: 'flock': Proto-Semitic *ʿVdVr-, 'flock': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVdVy-: 'pay': Proto-Semitic *ʿVdVy-, 'pay': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʿVgVn-: 'still?': Proto-Semitic *ʿVgVn-, 'still?': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVlVṣ-: 'swell; rejoice, exult': Proto-Semitic *ʿVlVṣ-, 'swell; rejoice, exult': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʿVmVl-: 'work, labour; earn': Proto-Semitic *ʿVmVl-, 'work, labour; earn': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʿVmVq-: 'deep', 'valley': Proto-Semitic *ʿVmVq-, 'deep', 'valley': reflexes in 21 language(s).
*ʿVmVs-: 'load': Proto-Semitic *ʿVmVs-, 'load': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʿVnVd-: 'turn-away': Proto-Semitic *ʿVnVd-, 'turn-away': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿVnVq-: 'necklace': Proto-Semitic *ʿVnVq-, 'necklace': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʿVnVw-: 'humble': Proto-Semitic *ʿVnVw-, 'humble': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʿVpVq-: 'embrace': Proto-Semitic *ʿVpVq-, 'embrace': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿVpVy-: 'cover': Proto-Semitic *ʿVpVy-, 'cover': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVqVm-: 'delimit' 1, 'obstruct, dam up' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʿVqVm-, 'delimit' 1, 'obstruct, dam up' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿVrVb-: 'pledge': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVb-, 'pledge': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʿVrVg-: 'ascend': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVg-, 'ascend': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʿVrVk-: 'prepare': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVk-, 'prepare': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʿVrVq-: 'strip': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVq-, 'strip': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʿVrVy-: 'pour', 'naked': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVy-, 'pour', 'naked': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʿVrVś-: 'bed': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVś-, 'bed': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʿVrVḍ-: 'happen': Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVḍ-, 'happen': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVrVṣ-: 'tremble' 1, 'terrify' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʿVrVṣ-, 'tremble' 1, 'terrify' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿVsVs-: 'wait': Proto-Semitic *ʿVsVs-, 'wait': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVṭVr-: 'crown': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṭVr-, 'crown': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿVwVb-: 'bad' 1, 'dark' 2, 'abomination' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʿVwVb-, 'bad' 1, 'dark' 2, 'abomination' 3: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿVwVd-: 'go around, return; threshing floor' 1, 'custom, habit' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʿVwVd-, 'go around, return; threshing floor' 1, 'custom, habit' 2: reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʿVwVg-: 'bake': Proto-Semitic *ʿVwVg-, 'bake': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʿVwVḏ-: 'refuge': Proto-Semitic *ʿVwVḏ-, 'refuge': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿVzVb-: 'help': Proto-Semitic *ʿVzVb-, 'help': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿām-: 'year': Proto-Semitic *ʿām-, 'year': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʿVḏVb-: 'leave': Proto-Semitic *ʿVḏVb-, 'leave': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʿVḏVl-: 'reproach': Proto-Semitic *ʿVḏVl-, 'reproach': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿVṣVl-: 'lazy': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṣVl-, 'lazy': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʿVṣVp-: 'double': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṣVp-, 'double': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʿVṣVr-: 'press': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṣVr-, 'press': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʿVṭVp-: 'wrap' 1, 'weak' 2, 'to bend, turn back, return' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʿVṭVp-, 'wrap' 1, 'weak' 2, 'to bend, turn back, return' 3: reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʿVṭVr-: 'smoke': Proto-Semitic *ʿVṭVr-, 'smoke': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʕamam-: 'people, nation, kinfolk': Proto-Semitic *ʕamam-, 'people, nation, kinfolk': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʕaṣab-: 'be difficult, hard, harsh, troublesome' 1, 'to bind, tighten; to bind up (a wound); to plait, shape' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʕaṣab-, 'be difficult, hard, harsh, troublesome' 1, 'to bind, tighten; to bind up (a wound); to plait, shape' 2: reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʕaḏar-: 'to help, assist': Proto-Semitic *ʕaḏar-, 'to help, assist': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʿābūr: 'effect, consequence; so that': Proto-Semitic *ʿābūr, 'effect, consequence; so that': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʿadi/*qadu(m): 'until, as long as; faced with, alongside': Proto-Semitic *ʿadi/*qadu(m), 'until, as long as; faced with, alongside': reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʕgd: 'type of foodstuff': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕgd, 'type of foodstuff': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕglm: 'DIVERSION MOLE': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕglm, 'DIVERSION MOLE': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕhd: 'take s.o. under protection' 1, 'to make a covenant, pledge oneself; covenant' 2, 'rain at the beginning of spring' 3: Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕhd, 'take s.o. under protection' 1, 'to make a covenant, pledge oneself; covenant' 2, 'rain at the beginning of spring' 3: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʕhr: '(FORTIFIED) TOWN': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕhr, '(FORTIFIED) TOWN': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕkr: 'contest a claim' 1, 'become fertile' 2, 'to make turbid, trouble' 3: Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕkr, 'contest a claim' 1, 'become fertile' 2, 'to make turbid, trouble' 3: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕln: 'NOTABLE': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕln, 'NOTABLE': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕḳw: 'abomination, sacrilege': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕḳw, 'abomination, sacrilege': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕšm: 'STIFFNESS, SCLEROSIS': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕšm, 'STIFFNESS, SCLEROSIS': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕtb: 'CONSIGN, DESTINE; ORDER': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕtb, 'CONSIGN, DESTINE; ORDER': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕtk: 'opposite, confronting': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕtk, 'opposite, confronting': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕtl: 'importune deity with prayers': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕtl, 'importune deity with prayers': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕbṭ: 'ʿbṭt calamity': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕbṭ, 'ʿbṭt calamity': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕdm: 'type of building': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕdm, 'type of building': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕdn: 'to bestow well-being; to delight, live in luxury': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕdn, 'to bestow well-being; to delight, live in luxury': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕrgl: 'crop scourge': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕrgl, 'crop scourge': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕrm: 'boundary cairn, heap' 1, 'dam' 2, 'to pile up' 3: Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕrm, 'boundary cairn, heap' 1, 'dam' 2, 'to pile up' 3: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʕrn: 'wooded land': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕrn, 'wooded land': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕšn: 'mʿs¹n foundation; lower course': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕšn, 'mʿs¹n foundation; lower course': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕsn: 'dig out': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕsn, 'dig out': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕśḳ: 'terracing': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕśḳ, 'terracing': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕšʾ: 'MAKE, CONSTRUCT': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕšʾ, 'MAKE, CONSTRUCT': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕwḳ: 'bank, embankment': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕwḳ, 'bank, embankment': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕzl: 'REMOVE': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕzl, 'REMOVE': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʕẓn: 'COMMAND, SUMMONS': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕẓn, 'COMMAND, SUMMONS': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʕzy: 'ASSIGN to s.o. AS PROPERTY': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʕzy, 'ASSIGN to s.o. AS PROPERTY': reflexes in 2 language(s).
Updated 6 November 2026