345 roots

Roots

Branches, east to west: E East Semitic · NW Northwest Semitic · Ar Arabic · ESA Epigraphic South Arabian · S Ethiopic and Modern South Arabian. The brighter a cell, the more of its languages attest the root.

First radical ʾ25 roots

*ʾVkul-‘eat’I-KU-JU-TI1 *ʾVr-‘day’ 1, ‘light’ 2, ‘sun’ 3, ‘fire, heat’ 4, ‘set fire to’ 5AU-RE-TE · U-RE-WI2 *ʾVrVš-‘ask’ 1, ‘desire, wish’ 2A-RE-SA-NA1 *ʾVrz-‘cedar’RE-ZA1 *ʾVsir-‘bind, join’ 1, ‘hobble’ 2A-SA-RA₂1 *ʾVt-‘with’I-TI · I-TA-JA2 *ʾVy-‘island’A-JE · I-JA3 *ʾabūs-‘warehouse, manger’A-*325-ZA · U-*325-ZA2 *ʾad-‘father’ 1, ‘lord’ 2A-DE1 *ʾaddīr-‘noble, notable’ 1, ‘majestic, powerful’ 2, ‘assembly of elders, council’ 3DI-DE-RU · A-DA-RO3 *ʾadōn-‘lord, master (divine and secular)’DU-NI-MI1 *ʾam(a)t-‘maid, girl, handmaid’A-MI-TA1 *ʾar(V)ṣ̂-‘earth’A-RA-TU · A-RA-TU-ME3 *ʾarway-‘wild beast’A-RI-NI-TA1 *ʾasupp-‘outbuilding, storeroom’A-SI-SU-PO-A · A-SU-PU-WA2 *ʾawl-‘precede, be first’ 1, ‘priority, supremacy’ 2, ‘strength, (military) force’ 3O-RA₂1 *ʾayy-‘which?’ 1, ‘where?’ 2, ‘how?’ 3A-JA-KU · A-RE-NE-SI-DI-*301-PI-KE-PA-JA-TA-RI-SE-TE-RI-MU-A-JA-KU2 *ʾaṯir-at-‘sacred grove/pole’A-ZU-RA1 *ʾdr‘to embrace’A-DA-RA1 *ʾigān-‘cup, bowl’A-KA-NU · *4122 *ʾil-‘god, deity’DI-NA-RO · I-RA₂4 *ʾišs-‘fire’I-SI1 *ʾkr 1, *ʾa/ikkār- 2‘to cultivate’ 1, ‘laborer’ 2A-KI-RO · I-KA3 *ʾsy‘physician’ 1, ‘to treat, heal’ 2A-SE · A-SE-JA2 *ʾu/imm-‘mother’U-MI-NA-SI · U-*492

First radical b17 roots

*bV--‘in’PA₃ · PA₃-E6 *bVn-‘build’ 1, ‘create’ 2PA₃-NI-NA · PA₃-NI3 *bVraʾ-‘create’PU₂-RE-JA1 *bVṣ-‘(a bird)’PI-SA1 *bVṣVr-‘be inaccessible’PA-SA-RI-JA1 *badal-‘exchange’, ‘separate’PI-TA-RA1 *barr-‘wheat’PA1 *bayt-‘house’PI-TA-KA-SE · PI-TA-KE-SI2 *baʕl-‘husband, master, owner’PU-RA₂1 *baḳar-‘large cattle’PA₃-KA-RA-TI1 *bint-‘daughter’PO-TO-KU-RO · PA-NA-TU2 *bky-‘to weep, cry, lament’ 1, ‘weeping, lamentation’ 2A-PA-KI1 *bss‘to break, crumble’ 1, ‘to mix (meal) with clarified butter or olive oil’ 2PA₃-SI-*471 *bud-‘take away’ 1, ‘separate’ 2, ‘disperse’ 3, ‘distribute, share out’ 4PU-DE1 *buṭm(-at)-‘terebinth, pistachio’*188 · *188-*3083 *bśm‘balsam-oil’*333-SA-MU1 *wa-bām-‘father-in-law’ 1, ‘brother-in-law, levir’ 2I-JA-PA-ME1

First radical g3 roots

*(ʾV-)g(w)ar- (or *hugar-)/*garh-‘field, arable land’A-KA-RU · U-KA-RE2 *gd‘to be lucky, fortunate’KU-DA1 *gint-‘wine or olive press’ 1, ‘farmstead, estate’ 2KI-TA-I1

First radical d27 roots

*(ʾa-)dām-‘red’U-DI-MI1 *dVb(V)r-‘back, hind part’ 1, ‘descendants’ 2A-DU *307+*307 · DU-PU₂-RE6 *dVbš-‘honey’DI · OLE+DI3 *dVhVr-‘dash, gallop’A-DA-*21F-RI1 *dVm-/*dVwVm-‘dwell’ 1, ‘last’ (v.) 2, ‘stay a long time in one place’ 3DA-U-MI · DU-ME-DI2 *dVng(ʷ)- 1 ~ *dagan- 2‘beans’ 1, ‘corn, grain’ 2GRA1 *dVr-‘run freely’ 1, ‘run tirelessly’ 2, ‘drive away, make go’ 3, ‘to come upon suddenly…’MI-RU-TA-RA-RE1 *dVrr-‘kind of bird’DU-RA-RE1 *dVwVr- ~ *dVrdVr-‘turn’ 1, ‘rotate’ 2, ‘round’JA-DU-RA-TI1 *dagān-‘Dagon (grain deity)’DA-KU-NA1 *dal-t-‘door’DA-JU-TE1 *dalaḳ-‘to pursue’DE-JU-KU1 *dam-, *ʾa-dam-‘blood’DA-ME1 *dardar-‘thistle’DA-RI-DA1 *dawid-‘father’s brother, uncle’DU-DA-MA · DA-DU-*3017 *dawr-‘clan, generation, group of relatives’ 1, ‘maternal aunt’s children’ 2, ‘eternity’ 3DA-RU-*329 · DA-RU-NE-TE2 *day-‘good, sufficient’DA-I1 *daym(-ūm)- ~ *damdam- ~ *ʾadam(-at)-‘all (inhabited, arable) land, earth, area’DA-DU-MA-TA1 *dim-‘tower’ 1, ‘borough’ 2I-DA-MA-TE · DA-MA-TE2 *dirk-‘road’U-DI-RI-KI1 *diḳ(ḳ)-‘be small’ 1, ‘be thin, fine’ 2A-DI-KI-TE-TE · JA-DI-KI-TU3 *dubb-‘bear’DU-PA₃-NA1 *dyn-‘to judge, govern’ 1, ‘judgment, legal case’ 2, ‘judge’ 3DI-NA-RO · DI-NA-U7 *dāg-‘(large) fish’DA-KA1 *dār-‘dwelling’ 1, ‘house’ 2, ‘granary’ 3DA-RE · DI-RI-NA2 *dīšān-‘aurochs, antelope’DU-SU-NI1 *dṯr‘to become effaced, obliterated’ 1, ‘to become old’ 2DA-SE-RA-TE · DA-TA-RA2

First radical ḏ2 roots

*ḏāt-‘that of, she who’ (feminine demonstrative/relative)ZA-TI · DA-TU3 *ḏī-‘he who, that which’ (masculine demonstrative/relative)DU · DA-QE-RA8

First radical h3 roots

*hadad-‘thunder’A-DU *307+*307 · A-DU4 *har-‘mountain’A-RI1 *hn‘behold’U-NA · I-NA4

First radical w9 roots

*wV--‘and’U1 *wVšVn- 1 ~ *ši/un(-at)- 2‘to sleep’ 1, ‘sleep, dream’ 2WI-SA-SA-NE1 *wVṣ̂Vʾ-‘leave’ 1, ‘exit, issue’ 2SE-TO-I-JA · A-MA-WA-SI6 *wad-‘love, want’WI-DI-NA1 *warḫ-‘moon’JA-RA1 *watid-‘peg’TI-DI-TE-QA-TI1 *wayn-‘wine’, ‘grapes’VIN · JI-NU-MA-RE2 *wld‘to bear, give birth to’ 1, ‘boy, child’ 2WI-RA-RE-MI-TE1 *wtr‘very large, surpassing’ 1, ‘to remain over, be left over, abound’ 2, ‘profit’ 3…U-TA-RO1

First radical z2 roots

*zayt-‘olive, olive tree’OLIV · MA-TI-ZA-I-TE2 *ʒVry/ʾ/ʕ- ~ *ǯVry/ʾ/ʕ 1, *ʒry/wʾ/ʕ ~ *ǯry/w/ʾ/ʕ 2‘seed, sowing, sown field’ 1, ‘to sow, cultivate’ 2ZE · *305-RU2

First radical ḥ6 roots

*ḥad(i)ṯ-‘new’U-DE-ZA1 *ḥanan-‘show favour, be gracious’A-NA-NE · A-NA-NU2 *ḥaraš-‘craftsman, artisan’A-RI-SU1 *ḥayy-‘to live, be alive’A-JA · JA-JA-[…]4 *ḥiṭṭ-at-‘wheat’*21F-*1181 *ḥšš‘dry grass, fodder’A-SE-SI-NA1

First radical ḫ4 roots

*ḫatm-‘ring’ 1, ‘seal (on a ring)’ 2*314-TA-MA1 *ḫatān-‘bridegroom, son-in-law’*21F-TU-NE1 *ḫimʔ-at-‘cream, curd, butter’E1 *ḫss‘to think of, remember’TA-SA-ZA1

First radical ṭ4 roots

*ṭVqVʿ-‘sound’TI-DI-TE-QA-TI1 *ṭahar-‘to be clean, pure’TU-*21F-RI-NA · OLE+TU2 *ṭayb-‘good’ 1, ‘perfume’ 2OLE+TA · DA-I-PI-TA3 *ṭmm ~ *ʾṭm‘to be deaf and mute’ 1, ‘to stop up, fill up’ 2, ‘to overflow, abound’ 3*118-MI1

First radical ẓ1 root

*ṯ̣il(l)-‘shadow, shade’, ‘to shade’, ‘protection’, ‘shelter, hut’SI-RU1

First radical y10 roots

*y/wḳd‘burn’U-QE-TI1 *yVpVʕ-‘shine’ 1, ‘go up, rise’ 2A-WA-PI · JA-PA3 *yad- ~ *ʾid-‘hand’I-DA · I-DA-A10 *yah-‘Yah, Yahweh (divine name)’JA-HA1 *yamm-‘sea’KA-NI-JA-MI1 *yarVʾ-‘to fear, be afraid, revere’ 1, ‘reverence, awe (abstract noun)’ 2I-NA-JA-RE-TA1 *yašar-‘straight’A-SA-SA-RA-ME · JA-SA-SA-RA-ME9 *ydʕ‘know’A-MI-DA-U · DI-*3063 *ytn ~ *ntn‘give’A-TA-NA-TE · JE-TA-NA7 *yṯʿ‘to help, save’JA-SI · JA-SI-E3

First radical k40 roots

*kV‘like, as, in the manner of’KA-*3051 *kVhVn-‘act as a priest’ 1, ‘to have second sight, prophecy’ 2, ‘priest’ 3A-KO-A-NE · KI-NI-MA3 *kVlVʔ-‘to hinder, restrain’KI-RO1 *kVrVb-‘ask, request’ 1, ‘blessing, prayer’ 2VIR+KA1 *kVsVy-‘cover’JA-KI-SI-KI-NU · MI-KI-SE-NA2 *kVšVp-‘bewitch’QE-SU-PU1 *kVṯ-‘flask, jar (a container and a measure)’PI-KU-ZU1 *kabkab-‘star’KA-KU-PA1 *kad-‘mug’KA-DI1 *kakk-‘weapon’KA-KU · KA-KU-NE-TE2 *kakkar-/*kikkar-‘round loaf, disk’KE-KI-RU · KI-KI-RA-JA4 *kalVy- ~ *kayl-‘vessel’ 1, ‘measure’ 2, ‘to hold, contain’ 3KA-I-RO1 *kamas-‘gather’O-KA-MI-ZA-SI-I-NA1 *kamm-ūn-‘cumin’KU-MI-NA1 *kanVs-‘to gather, assemble’U-NA-KA-NA-SI · U-NA-RU-KA-NA-SI4 *kapp-‘palm, flap of hand or foot’KA1 *kapār-‘village’KA-PA · KU-PA-RI2 *kapūr-‘bowl’KA-PO-RU1 *karVt-‘to cut, cut off’KI-RE-TA-NA · KI-RE-TA₂3 *karm-‘mountain with a vineyard on it’KU-RU-MA · KU-RA-MU2 *karp-‘jar’KA-RO-PA₃1 *karr-‘pasture’KA-RU1 *kaʾs-‘vessel for beer’ 1, ‘bowl’ 2*406VAS+KE1 *kdn‘to cover, protect’ 1, ‘protection’ 2KI-DI-NI1 *kinaʕn-‘Canaan’ 1, ‘Canaanite’ 2KA-NA-NI-TI1 *kinor-‘lyre’KI-*310-RE1 *kirr-‘large vessel’KI-RU1 *kiry-‘garden’KI-RA1 *kitn-‘linen, tunic’KI-TA-NA · KI-TA-NI-TE2 *kišan-‘bean’*3161 *kmn‘to hide, lie in wait’A-DU-KU-MI-NA · A-KU-MI-NA2 *kumir-‘priest’KI+MU1 *kumm-‘cella, inner room of a temple’KO-MU1 *kunaṯ-‘emmer’KU-NI-SU · GRA+KU2 *kurkum-‘saffron’KU-RU-KU1 *kurr-‘kor (large dry measure)’KO-RU1 *kuṯar-‘Kothar (craftsman god)’KA-TA-RE1 *kwn-‘to be firm, to be established, to exist’KI-NU · OLE+KI2 *kzr‘to curl the hair’TA-TE-I-KE-ZA-RE1 *kʷall-‘all’ 1, ‘to complete, make perfect’ 2, ‘to surround, encircle’KU-RO · PO-TO-KU-RO5

First radical l6 roots

*lV(ʾ)lV(ʾ)-‘kid’RE-RO1 *lV--‘to’RE1 *lVHVt-‘strength’RI-TA-JE1 *lVwVy-‘twist, bend’ 1, ‘turn’ 2, ‘accompany, join’ 3DU-RU-WI · U-RE-WI2 *lVʾVy-‘power’RI-TA-JE1 *lallār-‘mourner, wailer’RA₂-RO-RE1

First radical m22 roots

*mVnVw- ~ *ʾVmVn-‘count’ 1, ‘test, try’ 2, ‘be certain, believe’ 3, ‘be secure, safe’MI+*301 · MI-NU-TE5 *mVnn-‘bestow, grant a favour’ 1, ‘favour, benefit’ 2DA-MI-NU1 *mVŝug-‘mix’ 1, ‘mixed drink’ 2ME-VIN1 *mVʾad-‘many, much’ 1, ‘very’ 2MA-DI1 *ma/iṯ-‘child’ 1, ‘twin’ 2, ‘man, husband, male, grown-up’ 3MA-ZU1 *magd-‘excellence’MA-KI-DE-TE · ME-KI-DI2 *makir-‘seller, trader, merchant’MA-KA-RI-TE1 *marār-‘bitter’ 1, ‘myrrh’ 2MA-RI-RE-I · MI+JA+RU2 *marʾ-‘son, boy’ 1, ‘child’ 2, ‘lord’ 3, ‘man’ 4, ‘husband’ 5MA-RE1 *marʾ-at-‘woman’MA-RI-TA₂1 *mass-‘forced labor, corvée levy, labor gang’ME-ZA · MA-ZA3 *matn-‘sinew, tendon’MI-DA-NI1 *mašḥ-‘to anoint, smear’OLE+MI1 *maʕyān-‘spring, fountain’DU-MA-I-NA1 *maʾ-/*may-‘water’MI-JA · MA-I-MI2 *midr- ~ *ramad-‘dust, dirt, ashes’MI-DA-RU-RA1 *mir(Vʾ)-‘bull’MI-RU-TA-RA-RE1 *mrʾ ~ *mariʾ-‘fat’ 1, ‘fat cattle’ 2, ‘to be fat’ 3MA-RU1 *muhr-‘foal’*23M · MU-RU2 *mutaʕ-‘bring away’MA-TI-ZA-I-TE1 *mw/yt‘to die’JA-MA-U-TI · MI-TU2 *mḫṣ‘beat’TU-MI-TI-ZA-SE1

First radical n11 roots

*(ʾi-)nVš-‘man’E-NA-SI1 *nVsVk-‘to pour a libation’OLE+NE1 *nVḏr-‘vow, votive offering’ 1, ‘to warn, be on guard’ 2NA-DA-RE1 *natāk-‘pour’TI-TI-KU · I-TI-TI-KU-NI2 *naḳid- 1, *naḳad- 2‘shepherd, sheep-breeder’ 1, ‘sheep, lamb’ 2DA-NE-KU-TI1 *nwy‘pasture land, grazing place’ 1, ‘abode, settlement’ 2, ‘to betake oneself to an abode’ 3A-TA-I-*301-WA-E · A-TA-I-*301-WA-JA5 *nīb-‘fruit’ 1, ‘to sprout, prosper’ 2NI-PI1 *nīn-‘descendants, offspring’NI-NU-NI1 *nśʾ-‘to lift, carry, bear’ 1, ‘chief, prince (one lifted up)’ 2, ‘to take away, forgive’ 3DA-NA-SI · NA-SI2 *nūr-‘fire’ 1, ‘to shine, sparkle’ 2, ‘light’ 3, ‘lamp’ 4*301-U-RA · NU-RO5 *nʕm‘to be good’TA-NU-MU-TI · DU-NE-MI3

First radical s12 roots

*sVʿVd-‘support’TE-SU-DE-SE-KE-I1 *sadār-‘order’*324-DI-RA · SI-DA-RE3 *sagar-‘close’ 1, ‘to hand over’ 2SU-KI-RI-TA · SU-KI-RI-TE-I-JA2 *samm-‘plant’SA-MA1 *samīd-‘a type of groats’ 1, ‘fine flour’ 2SA-MI-DA-E1 *sapVr-‘to count, recount, inscribe’*516 · SI-*5162 *sapp-‘kind of vessel’SU-PU · SU-PU₂-*1882 *sim-sim-‘sesame’SA-SA-ME1 *sipVl-‘bowl, boat’SU-PA₃-RA1 *sult-‘fine flour, semolina’SU-JU-TA1 *sākin-‘administrator, prefect, governor’SI-KI-NE · *47-KU-NA2 *sū-t-‘garment’ 1, ‘covering, veil’ 2SI-TU1

First radical ś6 roots

*śVkVr-‘hire’A-SI-KI-RA · SI-KI-RA2 *śVyVm-‘place’SA-JA-MA · SI-MI-TA2 *ŝVwVʕ-‘call (for help)’SE-WA-AU-DE1 *ŝady-‘a (measured) plot of open country, cultivated land’SI-DI-JA · SA-DI2 *ŝarr-‘king, prince, official’SA-RA · SA-RA₂5 *ŝₓaʕar-‘gate’TA-RA1

First radical š19 roots

*(ʾi-)šim-‘name’JA-SU-MA-TU · SI-MA3 *šVmVr-‘guard’SA-MA-RO1 *šVmaʕ-‘hear’JA-SA-MU1 *šVn(n)ār- ~ *šurān-‘cat’SA-*301-RI1 *šVtVy-‘drink’TA-NA-SU-TE-KE1 *šVtVy-‘tie, weave’SI-TE-TU1 *šVyVr-‘sing’SI-RU-TE1 *šVḳ-‘drink’ 1, ‘give a drink, irrigate’ 2SI-KA (IOZa6) · A-DA-KI-SI-KA4 *ša‘who, which, that (determinative-relative pronoun)’SI-JA-SE1 *šakVn-‘to dwell, settle’SI-KA1 *šakār-‘drunk’ 1, ‘intoxicating drink, beer’ 2SA1 *šam(a)n-‘fat (also oil)’*308 · A-SA-MU-NE4 *šapāk-‘pour’SI-PI-KI1 *šawīḳ-‘fine flour’A-SI-JA-KA1 *šdm‘terrace’ 1, ‘field, territory’ 2SA-*305-MI1 *šidṯ-‘six’TI-DA-TA · TI-TI-MA2 *šint-‘acacia’DA-SI-*1181 *škt‘to be silent, quiet’SE-KU-TU1 *šrk‘to give as a votive offering, to give a present’ 1, ‘gift’ 2SI+SE-RA+KA1

First radical ṣ7 roots

*ṣVṣ-‘salt-field, salt-works’ 1, ‘salt’ 2SI+SE1 *ṣbw‘to wish, desire’SU-PU₂1 *ṣdḳ‘to be just, true’SI-DU-QI-KU-MI1 *ṣidq-‘righteousness, justice’A-SA-DA-KA1 *ṣrr‘bag, purse’SA-RA-RA1 *ṣyd ~ *zwd‘provisions for a journey’MA-SI-DU · SE-*3054 *ṣūṣ-‘chick’ 1, ‘kind of bird’ 2ZU-SU1

First radical ṣ́1 root

*ṣ̂VmVd-‘bind, yoke, harness’ 1, ‘join, unite (in a pact)’ 2, ‘mace, club’ 3SA-MA-TI1

First radical ʿ15 roots

*ʕVbd-‘to serve, work’A-PA₃-DI1 *ʕVbur- 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ~ *ʕa/ibr- 5‘cross’ 1, ‘extend beyond (something)’ 2, ‘move through, pass over, by, travel (along a…)’A-PA-RA-NE · PA-RA-NE2 *ʕVnVy-‘answer’ 1, ‘mean, express’ 2TA-NA-I-*301-U-TI-NU1 *ʕVtVd-‘be ready, prepare’A-TA-DE1 *ʕVtVw-‘give (a present)’*306-TA-JE1 *ʕamm-‘relative’ 1, ‘uncle’ 2, ‘ancestor’ 3A-MA · A-MA-WA-SI5 *ʕanat-‘Anat (warrior goddess)’I-NA-TA-I · DA-RU-NE-TE3 *ʕatVq-‘old, ancient, noble’ 1, ‘to go past, cross’ 2*306-TI-KA-A-RE · A-TI-KA2 *ʕazVz-‘to be strong, mighty, fierce’A-DU-ZA1 *ʕaṯtar-‘ʕAṯtar (astral god)’A-TI-RU1 *ʕnk‘closure (of a door), fastening, barring’TA-NI-KA1 *ʕtw‘to behave proudly, be insolent’*306-TU · *306-TU-JA3 *ʕōl-at-‘burnt offering, holocaust’U-JU1 *ʿVṣVr-‘press’OLE+U1 *ʿadi/*qadu(m)‘until, as long as’A-DI1

First radical ġ1 root

*ɣlm‘to be dark’TU-JU-MA1

First radical p18 roots

*pVdVy-‘redeem’PA-DE1 *pVris-‘break, divide’ 1, ‘tear’ 2, ‘half-measure’ 3GRA+PA1 *pVtaḥ-‘open, begin’PI-TA-JA1 *pVwVr-‘boil’ 1, ‘anger, rage’ 2, ‘vat, trough of the wine-press’ 3PU-VIN1 *pVʔVr-‘to beautify, glorify, adorn’JA-PA-RA · JA-PA-RA-JA-SE2 *pa/itn-‘asp, adder’PA-TA-NE1 *pak-‘bottle, mug’PA-KU / PU-KO1 *pan-‘face’I-PI-NA-MA · I-PI-NA-MI-NA3 *panaq-‘indulge’PA-NU-QE1 *paqaḥ-‘open-eyes’I-NA-JA-PA-QA · JA-PA-QA2 *paqād-‘entrust, trust’ 1, ‘miss, lose’ 2PI-*34-TE1 *parw- ~ *parr-‘skin, fur, husk, etc’PA-RA1 *paṭār-‘loose’PI-TE-RI1 *pidr-‘fat’ 1, ‘dung’ 2*304 · *304+PA2 *pir-‘fruit’PIRRI1 *pirɣ-‘shoot’PI-RU-E-JU1 *pitḳ-‘tablet, ballot, decree’ 1, ‘a goblet so named’ 2PA-TA-QE1 *ṗVrɣVṯ- ~ *ṗVrṯaɣ-‘flea’PA-RO-SU1

First radical q30 roots

*qVnVy-‘acquire, create’KA-NI-JA-MI1 *qVṭVʿ-‘cut’, ‘finish, be finished’, ‘be spent’I-QA-*118 · QA-*118-SA2 *qiyr-‘wall’DA-QE-RA1 *qāt-‘hand’KA-TI · QE-TI2 *ḳVdḳVd-‘skull, head’QA-QA-DA1 *ḳVlVl-‘be small, be light’ 1, ‘swift’KA-JU1 *ḳVlVw-‘roast’QE-RA₂-U · QA-RA₂-WA2 *ḳVw-‘remain’ 1, ‘wait’ 2JA-KU · JA-KU-TI3 *ḳVwVm-‘stand (up), rise’MA-KA-I-SE · MA-KA-I-TA3 *ḳVyVn-‘forge’QA-*310-I1 *ḳVḏar-/*ḳVḏur-‘be dirty’ 1, ‘be dark’ 2KI-DA-RO1 *ḳVṭ(Vw)-‘flax, flax seed’QA-*1181 *ḳVṭVn-‘be small, be thin’QE-TU · QE-TU-NE2 *ḳa(w)š-‘bow’QE-SI-TE1 *ḳab-‘goblet’QA-PA₃1 *ḳaml- ~ *ḳalm-‘louse’KU-MA-JU1 *ḳamḥ-‘flour’GRA+QE · OLE+QE+DI2 *ḳanaw/y-‘reed’KA-NA · QA-NE3 *ḳarn-‘horn’ 1, ‘to fight, oppose’ 2, ‘to guard’ 3KA-RO-NA · I-KU-RI-NA3 *ḳarḳar-‘earth as a solid surface (ground)’QA-QA-RU1 *ḳaṣṣār-‘fuller’KA-SA-RU1 *ḳdm‘to precede, be in front’KA-DU-MA-NE · QE-DE-MI-NU2 *ḳtl‘kill’QA-TI-JU1 *ḳupp-‘box’ 1, ‘basket’ 2KU-PA · QE-PI-TA2 *ḳuṭr-‘smoke, incense’QA-*118-RA-RE · QI-TI-RI2 *ḳyn‘to sing a dirge, to chant’TA-NU-NI-KI-NA1 *ḳyš‘to give as a present’ 1, ‘gift’ 2, ‘generous’ 3QE-SI-ZU-E · U-*34-SI2 *ḳīp-‘official, administrator’QE-PU1 *ḳū-‘a measure of capacity’QE1 *ḳʷary-‘town’ 1, ‘village’ 2QA-RE-TO1

First radical r18 roots

*rVdVʾ-‘pursue’ 1, ‘help’ 2RI-DA-U1 *rVnVn-‘noise’RA-NA-TU-SU1 *rVpVʾ-‘heal’A-RI-PA · A-RE-PI-RE-NA3 *rVwVd-‘roam’RU-DI1 *rVyVm-‘be high, long’JA-RU-MA-NE · RU-MA-TA5 *rVzan-‘ruler, prince, dignitary’ 1, ‘to rule, govern’ 2RU-ZU-NA1 *rVʕVy- 1, *rāʕ- 2‘pasture, guard livestock, herd, graze (trans.)’ (v.) 1, ‘herdsman’ 2RA-O-DI-KI · RO-E2 *rVḳVḥ-‘to mix aromatics, compound ointment’ 1, ‘perfumer, ointment-mixer’ 2*401 · *401+RU6 *raʾ(i)š-‘head’RO · RI-SU-MA2 *raḫil-‘ewe’RA-*314-RA1 *raḳad-‘jump’ (v.) 1, ‘jump, leap’ (n.) 2, ‘dance’ 3RI-QE-TI1 *riʾm-‘aurochs’WI-RA-RE-MI-TE1 *riḳ-‘be thin’ 1, ‘be shallow’ 2RU-KA1 *rmś‘to creep, crawl, swarm’ 1, ‘creeping things’ 2, ‘to set oneself in motion’ 3RI-MI-SI1 *rtm‘broom (Retama)’RI-TA-MA1 *rtḳ‘to tie up, fetter’*21F-RI-TU-QA1 *rummān-‘pomegranate’RI-RU-MA1 *rṣ̂w‘to be glad, satisfied’TA-NA-RA-TE-U-TI-NU1

First radical t13 roots

*tVnnVn-‘(mythical) snake, dragon’TA-NA-TE · TA-NA-TI2 *tVwVr-‘turn’ 1, ‘go about, travel through’TE-JA-RE1 *tVʾVm-‘twin’TU-MA1 *tam(V)r-‘palm tree’TAMIR · TO-MA-RO4 *tappāʾ-‘partner, colleague, friend, companion’TA-PA1 *tiHir-‘courtier’TE-RI1 *tihām-‘deep, primordial ocean, abyss’WI-TE-JA-MU1 *tinnīt-‘Tanit/Tinit (Punic goddess, face of Baal)’TI-NI-TA · TI-NI-TA *3074 *tiʾin-‘fig-tree’TE-*301 · TI2 *tmm‘(to be) completed’ 1, ‘to last, remain’ 2TU-ME-I1 *turs-‘shield’ 1, ‘door-bar’ 2TU-RU-SA1 *tīrāṯ-‘new wine, must, grape juice’DU-RE-ZA-SE · *131B2 *tḳn‘to be in order’TU-QE-NU1

First radical ṯ13 roots

*ṯVkm-‘neck and shoulders’*363-KE-MA-SE1 *ṯVny-‘two’TI-NU-JA1 *ṯVpVṭ-‘judge (v.)’TU-PI-TA1 *ṯVwVʕ-‘noble, lord’DU-ZU-WA · QE-SI-ZU-E2 *ṯVḳVl-‘weigh’ 1, ‘shekel, weight (unit)’ 2SA-QE-RI1 *ṯa/ud-‘(woman’s) breast’ZU-DI · ZU-DU3 *ṯanann-‘archer’ZU-*3011 *ṯawr-‘bull, ox’I-ZU-RI-NI-TA · TU3 *ṯay-‘gift, tribute’SI1 *ṯdr‘young woman, girl’ZU-DI-RA1 *ṯny‘to repeat, do again’TA-NU-NI-KI-NA1 *ṯulp-‘stalk, reed’ 1, ‘reed flute’ 2ZU-JU-PU₂1 *ṯūm-‘garlic (Allium sativum)’ZU1