*ṯ̣alam-: 'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly'

Root

Field	Value
Reconstruction	*ṯ̣alam-
Meaning	'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly'
Basis	project

Reflexes

Language	Form	Sources	Note
Arabic	ẓalama 'to wrong, oppress', ẓulm 'injustice' (Lane 1921)	Lane 1921
Geez	ṭalama (Leslau 589)	Leslau 589	gloss withheld
Syrian Aramaic	ṭlam 'oppress, wrong, defraud; refuse' (Payne Smith 175)	Payne Smith 175
Pre-Islamic North Arabian	Safaitic ẓlm, ẓlm (ptc.), pl. ẓlmn; ẓlm (Al-Jallad 2026, 177)	Al-Jallad 2026 177	gloss withheld
Mandaic Aramaic	ṭulma (LGz. 591)	LGz. 591	gloss withheld

A form keeps its source's gloss only when the source is public domain or openly licensed.

Notes

Arabic ẓ and Syriac ṭ point to *ṯ̣. Al-Jallad (2026, 177) compares Aramaic ṭlm 'to oppress' and Sab ẓlm 'to be unjust, be bad', ẓlm 'injustice, wickedness'.

Updated 26 October 2026

*ṯ̣alam-: 'to wrong, oppress, treat unjustly'

Root

Reflexes

Notes

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