ṣ́
*ṣ̂Vbaʾ-: 'attack' 1, 'wage war' 2, 'fight' 3, 'army' 4, 'warfare' 5, 'soldiers' 6, 'go to war' 7, 'come out against someone' 8: Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vbaʾ-, 'attack' 1, 'wage war' 2, 'fight' 3, 'army' 4, 'warfare' 5, 'soldiers' 6, 'go to war' 7, 'come out against someone' 8: reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ṣ̂apīr-: 'plaiting' 1, 'braid' 2: Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂apīr-, 'plaiting' 1, 'braid' 2: reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ṣ̂um-: 'join, bind': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂um-, 'join, bind': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ṣ̂ayp-: 'guest': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ayp-, 'guest': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ṣ̂arr- 1, *ṣ̂rr- 2, 3: 'enemy' 1, 'be hostile' 2, 'inflict harm' 3: Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂arr- 1, *ṣ̂rr- 2, 3, 'enemy' 1, 'be hostile' 2, 'inflict harm' 3: reflexes in 22 language(s).
*ṣ̂il(a)ʕ- {} *ĉ̣il(a)ʕ-: 'rib, side (of chest)': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂il(a)ʕ- {} *ĉ̣il(a)ʕ-, 'rib, side (of chest)': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ṣ̂ap(V)ʕ/ɣ- {} *ĉ̣ap(V)ʕ/ɣ-: 'dung': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ap(V)ʕ/ɣ- {} *ĉ̣ap(V)ʕ/ɣ-, 'dung': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ṣ̂arʕ- {} *ĉ̣arʕ-: 'teat, nipple, udder': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂arʕ- {} *ĉ̣arʕ-, 'teat, nipple, udder': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ṣ̂irš- {} *ĉ̣irs-: 'molar tooth': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂irš- {} *ĉ̣irs-, 'molar tooth': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ṣ̂ḥk/ḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥk/ḳ: 'to laugh': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ḥk/ḳ {} *ĉ̣ḥk/ḳ, 'to laugh': reflexes in 22 language(s).
*ṣ̂rṭ {} *ĉ̣rṭ (-u-): 'to fart, break wind': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂rṭ {} *ĉ̣rṭ (-u-), 'to fart, break wind': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vp-: 'plait (hair)' (v.): Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vp-, 'plait (hair)' (v.): reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vy(V)w-: 'a wild cat': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vy(V)w-, 'a wild cat': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ṣ̂aʾn- {} *ĉ̣aʾn-: 'small cattle': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂aʾn- {} *ĉ̣aʾn-, 'small cattle': reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ṣ̂ab(u)ʕ- {} *ĉ̣ab(u)ʕ-: 'hyena': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ab(u)ʕ- {} *ĉ̣ab(u)ʕ-, 'hyena': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vpardiʕ- {} *ĉ̣Vpardiʕ-: 'frog': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vpardiʕ- {} *ĉ̣Vpardiʕ-, 'frog': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ṣ̂abb- {} *ĉ̣abb-: 'kind of lizard': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂abb- {} *ĉ̣abb-, 'kind of lizard': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ṣ̂uḥay-: 'sun': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂uḥay-, 'sun': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vmr-: 'wool': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vmr-, 'wool': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ṣ́VlVl-: 'go astray': Proto-Semitic *ṣ́VlVl-, 'go astray': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ṣ̂ɣṯ: 'to hold': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ɣṯ, 'to hold': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ṣ̂arḥ-: 'thicket': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂arḥ-, 'thicket': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ṣ̂ɣrr: 'to scream': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ɣrr, 'to scream': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ṣ̂aʾl-: 'zizyphus': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂aʾl-, 'zizyphus': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ṣ̂agm-: 'cheek': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂agm-, 'cheek': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ṣ̂rʕ: 'to be humble, submit; to humble, subjugate': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂rʕ, 'to be humble, submit; to humble, subjugate': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ṣ̂gʕ: 'to lie on one's side, recline': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂gʕ, 'to lie on one's side, recline': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ṣ̂bʕ: 'to attack, strike': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂bʕ, 'to attack, strike': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ṣ̂VmVd-: 'bind, yoke, harness' 1, 'join, unite (in a pact)' 2, 'mace, club' 3: Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂VmVd-, 'bind, yoke, harness' 1, 'join, unite (in a pact)' 2, 'mace, club' 3: reflexes in 20 language(s).
*ṣ̂bḥ: 'pay duty, pay tribute; taxes': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂bḥ, 'pay duty, pay tribute; taxes': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vdy-: 'fine rain; season of the small rains': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vdy-, 'fine rain; season of the small rains': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ṣ̂ib-: 'flow' (v.): Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂ib-, 'flow' (v.): reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ṣ̂Vp-: 'overflow': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂Vp-, 'overflow': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ṣ̂abāb-: 'fog': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂abāb-, 'fog': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ḍVwVq-: 'to press; to be narrow, distressed': Proto-Semitic *ḍVwVq-, 'to press; to be narrow, distressed': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ḍVḥVḥ-: 'glow': Proto-Semitic *ḍVḥVḥ-, 'glow': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ṣ̂VmVḫ-: 'sprout': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂VmVḫ-, 'sprout': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ṣ̂bṭ: 'to seize, capture': Proto-Semitic *ṣ̂bṭ, 'to seize, capture': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ḍwʕ: 'face an emergency': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ḍwʕ, 'face an emergency': reflexes in 1 language(s).
Updated 6 November 2026