ʾ
*ʾVbVn-: 'open, discover': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbVn-, 'open, discover': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVkul-: 'scratch': Proto-Semitic *ʾVkul-, 'scratch': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾawān-: 'time, moment, season': Proto-Semitic *ʾawān-, 'time, moment, season': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾarVk-: 'long' 1, 'length' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾarVk-, 'long' 1, 'length' 2: reflexes in 21 language(s).
*ʾVsay-: 'be sad' 1, 'to assist' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVsay-, 'be sad' 1, 'to assist' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾamm-at-: 'elbow, forearm': Proto-Semitic *ʾamm-at-, 'elbow, forearm': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾVbVd-: 'lose, be lost': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbVd-, 'lose, be lost': reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʾ/wakn- ~ *makn- (<*ma-ʾ/wakn-): 'nest' 1, 'lay eggs' 2, 'eggs' 3, 'to set up, establish' 4: Proto-Semitic *ʾ/wakn- ~ *makn- (<*ma-ʾ/wakn-), 'nest' 1, 'lay eggs' 2, 'eggs' 3, 'to set up, establish' 4: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾabal-: 'genitals, sexual organ': Proto-Semitic *ʾabal-, 'genitals, sexual organ': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾiŝ-: 'joy (?)': Proto-Semitic *ʾiŝ-, 'joy (?)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾiriʾ-: 'beer dregs': Proto-Semitic *ʾiriʾ-, 'beer dregs': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾušaŝ-: 'nest': Proto-Semitic *ʾušaŝ-, 'nest': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVw-: 'speak': Proto-Semitic *ʾVw-, 'speak': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾarar-: 'barrel (for grain) (?)': Proto-Semitic *ʾarar-, 'barrel (for grain) (?)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾinim-: 'goblet': Proto-Semitic *ʾinim-, 'goblet': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾaly-ān-: '(oak)tree': Proto-Semitic *ʾaly-ān-, '(oak)tree': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾin(V)g-: 'part of the plough': Proto-Semitic *ʾin(V)g-, 'part of the plough': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾadīl-: 'attire': Proto-Semitic *ʾadīl-, 'attire': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾabūs-: 'warehouse, manger': Proto-Semitic *ʾabūs-, 'warehouse, manger': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾabVw-: 'reed, papyrus': Proto-Semitic *ʾabVw-, 'reed, papyrus': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾabun(n)-: 'kind of bird': Proto-Semitic *ʾabun(n)-, 'kind of bird': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾadar-: 'metal vessel': Proto-Semitic *ʾadar-, 'metal vessel': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾaddīr-: 'noble, notable' 1, 'majestic, powerful' 2, 'assembly of elders, council' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾaddīr-, 'noble, notable' 1, 'majestic, powerful' 2, 'assembly of elders, council' 3: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾaduš(š)-: 'wall': Proto-Semitic *ʾaduš(š)-, 'wall': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVḫuḏ-: 'take': Proto-Semitic *ʾVḫuḏ-, 'take': reflexes in 18 language(s).
*ʾal-: 'stick, club': Proto-Semitic *ʾal-, 'stick, club': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾamūm-: 'kind of spice': Proto-Semitic *ʾamūm-, 'kind of spice': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾanbab-: 'fruit, flower, shoot': Proto-Semitic *ʾanbab-, 'fruit, flower, shoot': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾaḫ-: 'meadow': Proto-Semitic *ʾaḫ-, 'meadow': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾary-: 'family member, relative': Proto-Semitic *ʾary-, 'family member, relative': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVšVš-: 'grasp': Proto-Semitic *ʾVšVš-, 'grasp': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾšw/y-: 'send': Proto-Semitic *ʾšw/y-, 'send': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVyVʾ-: 'go and stay': Proto-Semitic *ʾVyVʾ-, 'go and stay': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾil-: 'leather sack': Proto-Semitic *ʾil-, 'leather sack': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾ/ḫVrVr-: 'tremble': Proto-Semitic *ʾ/ḫVrVr-, 'tremble': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVrib-: 'tie (a knot)': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrib-, 'tie (a knot)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾibḫ-: 'kind of bug': Proto-Semitic *ʾibḫ-, 'kind of bug': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾigān-: 'cup, bowl': Proto-Semitic *ʾigān-, 'cup, bowl': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾikīŝ-: 'family member': Proto-Semitic *ʾikīŝ-, 'family member': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVl-: 'swear': Proto-Semitic *ʾVl-, 'swear': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾašiʾ-: 'a precious metal': Proto-Semitic *ʾašiʾ-, 'a precious metal': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVt-: 'come' 1, 'pass' 2, 'come back' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾVt-, 'come' 1, 'pass' 2, 'come back' 3: reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʾVṭVr-: 'take away': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṭVr-, 'take away': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾillaw/y-t-: 'saliva': Proto-Semitic *ʾillaw/y-t-, 'saliva': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾirw/y-: '(fish) spawn': Proto-Semitic *ʾirw/y-, '(fish) spawn': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾary-: 'twig' 1, 'stick' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾary-, 'twig' 1, 'stick' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVrVw/y-: 'vomit': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrVw/y-, 'vomit': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾubun-: 'vessel': Proto-Semitic *ʾubun-, 'vessel': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾusukk-: 'temple': Proto-Semitic *ʾusukk-, 'temple': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾunay-: 'meat': Proto-Semitic *ʾunay-, 'meat': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVr-: 'day' 1, 'light' 2, 'sun' 3, 'fire, heat' 4, 'set fire to' 5: Proto-Semitic *ʾVr-, 'day' 1, 'light' 2, 'sun' 3, 'fire, heat' 4, 'set fire to' 5: reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾurull-: 'reed': Proto-Semitic *ʾurull-, 'reed': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾurīd-: 'vessel': Proto-Semitic *ʾurīd-, 'vessel': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVtil-: 'take short steps' 1, 'be impatient, irritated' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVtil-, 'take short steps' 1, 'be impatient, irritated' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾir-at-: 'chest, breast': Proto-Semitic *ʾir-at-, 'chest, breast': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVsVp-: 'gather, collect' 1, 'harvest' (v.) 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVsVp-, 'gather, collect' 1, 'harvest' (v.) 2: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾVlVw-: 'be unable, be incapable': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVw-, 'be unable, be incapable': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVṣVn-: 'smell': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṣVn-, 'smell': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVmVr-: 'see': Proto-Semitic *ʾVmVr-, 'see': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾan-gīd(Vʾ)-: 'neck' 1, 'breast' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾan-gīd(Vʾ)-, 'neck' 1, 'breast' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾašaḫ-: 'barn': Proto-Semitic *ʾašaḫ-, 'barn': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVd-Vt-: 'lady': Proto-Semitic *ʾVd-Vt-, 'lady': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVm(m)-: 'group of relatives; family; clan; people': Proto-Semitic *ʾVm(m)-, 'group of relatives; family; clan; people': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾi/abr-: 'sycamore': Proto-Semitic *ʾi/abr-, 'sycamore': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾrr/y: 'to reap, gather, harvest': Proto-Semitic *ʾrr/y, 'to reap, gather, harvest': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾkr 1, *ʾa/ikkār- 2: 'to cultivate' 1, 'laborer' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾkr 1, *ʾa/ikkār- 2, 'to cultivate' 1, 'laborer' 2: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾimmi/ar-: 'lamb': Proto-Semitic *ʾimmi/ar-, 'lamb': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾarwiy-: '(wild) goat, gazelle': Proto-Semitic *ʾarwiy-, '(wild) goat, gazelle': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾVrn/m-: 'mountain goat': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrn/m-, 'mountain goat': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾi/arw-ān- ~ *ʾawr-: 'calf, bull': Proto-Semitic *ʾi/arw-ān- ~ *ʾawr-, 'calf, bull': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾayl-: 'ram': Proto-Semitic *ʾayl-, 'ram': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾabaw-at-: 'elephant': Proto-Semitic *ʾabaw-at-, 'elephant': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾu/imm-: 'mother': Proto-Semitic *ʾu/imm-, 'mother': reflexes in 26 language(s).
*ʾdm: 'to share, to have in common, to be at peace with': Proto-Semitic *ʾdm, 'to share, to have in common, to be at peace with': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾabbīr-: 'stallion; bull': Proto-Semitic *ʾabbīr-, 'stallion; bull': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾa/ibr-: 'pinion, wing': Proto-Semitic *ʾa/ibr-, 'pinion, wing': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾuḏn-/*ʾiḏān- {} *ʾuǯn-/*ʾiǯān-: 'ear': Proto-Semitic *ʾuḏn-/*ʾiḏān- {} *ʾuǯn-/*ʾiǯān-, 'ear': reflexes in 23 language(s).
*ʾi(n)gi/ur-: 'foot': Proto-Semitic *ʾi(n)gi/ur-, 'foot': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʾanp-: 'nose' 1, 'to be angry' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾanp-, 'nose' 1, 'to be angry' 2: reflexes in 20 language(s).
*ʾVrāw- ~ *wVrāʾ-: 'back': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrāw- ~ *wVrāʾ-, 'back': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVšk-(at-): 'testicle': Proto-Semitic *ʾVšk-(at-), 'testicle': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾab-: 'father': Proto-Semitic *ʾab-, 'father': reflexes in 28 language(s).
*ʾaḳl-: 'limb, foot': Proto-Semitic *ʾaḳl-, 'limb, foot': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾalp-: 'cattle': Proto-Semitic *ʾalp-, 'cattle': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾa(n)z/ḏar- {} *ʾa(n)ʒ/ǯar-: 'kind of wild cat': Proto-Semitic *ʾa(n)z/ḏar- {} *ʾa(n)ʒ/ǯar-, 'kind of wild cat': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾanap-at-: 'kind of bird': Proto-Semitic *ʾanap-at-, 'kind of bird': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾan(V)ḳ-: 'a bird of prey': Proto-Semitic *ʾan(V)ḳ-, 'a bird of prey': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾanyaṣ- ~ *ʾanṣaw/y-: 'weasel': Proto-Semitic *ʾanyaṣ- ~ *ʾanṣaw/y-, 'weasel': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾarbay-: 'locust': Proto-Semitic *ʾarbay-, 'locust': reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʾarnab(-at)-: 'hare': Proto-Semitic *ʾarnab(-at)-, 'hare': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾarway-: 'wild beast; lion': Proto-Semitic *ʾarway-, 'wild beast; lion': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾatān-: 'donkey mare': Proto-Semitic *ʾatān-, 'donkey mare': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾaṯ(h)al- {} *ʾač(h)al-: 'a mythical reptile, dragon': Proto-Semitic *ʾaṯ(h)al- {} *ʾač(h)al-, 'a mythical reptile, dragon': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾaw(a)z- ~ *waz(z)-: 'goose': Proto-Semitic *ʾaw(a)z- ~ *waz(z)-, 'goose': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾayyal-: 'stag, deer': Proto-Semitic *ʾayyal-, 'stag, deer': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾayy-: 'bird of prey': Proto-Semitic *ʾayy-, 'bird of prey': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾibil(-at)-: 'camel': Proto-Semitic *ʾibil(-at)-, 'camel': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾVnar- ~ *ʾVran-: 'a small predatory mammal': Proto-Semitic *ʾVnar- ~ *ʾVran-, 'a small predatory mammal': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾarḫ-: 'cow, heifer': Proto-Semitic *ʾarḫ-, 'cow, heifer': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾada/īm-: 'skin': Proto-Semitic *ʾada/īm-, 'skin': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾarw/y-: 'edible plant': Proto-Semitic *ʾarw/y-, 'edible plant': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾaym-: 'snake': Proto-Semitic *ʾaym-, 'snake': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾalim-: 'tanned hide used as a cushion': Proto-Semitic *ʾalim-, 'tanned hide used as a cushion': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾ/ʕVlVk- ~ *ʕalik-: 'chew, gnaw' 1, 'molars' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾ/ʕVlVk- ~ *ʕalik-, 'chew, gnaw' 1, 'molars' 2: reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾaly-at-: 'fat tail (of a the sheep); fleshy part of the thigh, buttocks': Proto-Semitic *ʾaly-at-, 'fat tail (of a the sheep); fleshy part of the thigh, buttocks': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*(ʾan-)ḳʷaḥḳʷaḥ-: 'egg': Proto-Semitic *(ʾan-)ḳʷaḥḳʷaḥ-, 'egg': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾadam-: 'man; humankind': Proto-Semitic *ʾadam-, 'man; humankind': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾayaw-t- ~ *ʾawiy-: 'goat': Proto-Semitic *ʾayaw-t- ~ *ʾawiy-, 'goat': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾi/aḳḳaw- 1, *ḳVwaḳy- 2: '(wild) goat' 1, 'flock of sheep' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾi/aḳḳaw- 1, *ḳVwaḳy- 2, '(wild) goat' 1, 'flock of sheep' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVrw-at-: 'female elephant': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrw-at-, 'female elephant': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾar(a)w-: 'snake, chameleon': Proto-Semitic *ʾar(a)w-, 'snake, chameleon': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*(ʾa)bak-: 'cock': Proto-Semitic *(ʾa)bak-, 'cock': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾarVr- ~ *warwar-: 'bee-eater': Proto-Semitic *ʾarVr- ~ *warwar-, 'bee-eater': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾakʷ- ~ *kʷa(kʷ)-: 'owl; raven': Proto-Semitic *ʾakʷ- ~ *kʷa(kʷ)-, 'owl; raven': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾVr-: 'time': Proto-Semitic *ʾVr-, 'time': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVka/um-: 'black': Proto-Semitic *ʾVka/um-, 'black': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾurḫ-: 'road' 1, 'to be on the road, travel' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾurḫ-, 'road' 1, 'to be on the road, travel' 2: reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʾan-akV: 'I': Proto-Semitic *ʾan-akV, 'I': reflexes in 25 language(s).
*ʾar-: 'moon': Proto-Semitic *ʾar-, 'moon': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾaw(V)s-: 'wolf': Proto-Semitic *ʾaw(V)s-, 'wolf': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾa/ul: 'not': Proto-Semitic *ʾa/ul, 'not': reflexes in 18 language(s).
*ʾay ~ *ʾī: 'not': Proto-Semitic *ʾay ~ *ʾī, 'not': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾ/waḥad- 1, *wḥd 2: 'one, alone' 1, 'unite' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾ/waḥad- 1, *wḥd 2, 'one, alone' 1, 'unite' 2: reflexes in 26 language(s).
*ʾmr: 'say, command': Proto-Semitic *ʾmr, 'say, command': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾVnVš-: 'be weak, sick, small': Proto-Semitic *ʾVnVš-, 'be weak, sick, small': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾanta: 'thou': Proto-Semitic *ʾanta, 'thou': reflexes in 26 language(s).
*ʾa(n)kV: 'thou': Proto-Semitic *ʾa(n)kV, 'thou': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*(ʾa)naḥnu ~ *(ʾa)ḥan(an): 'we': Proto-Semitic *(ʾa)naḥnu ~ *(ʾa)ḥan(an), 'we': reflexes in 23 language(s).
*ʾVwVy-: 'jackal': Proto-Semitic *ʾVwVy-, 'jackal': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾini(m)-: 'what?': Proto-Semitic *ʾini(m)-, 'what?': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾanṯ-at-: 'woman': Proto-Semitic *ʾanṯ-at-, 'woman': reflexes in 22 language(s).
*ʾad-: 'father' 1, 'lord' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾad-, 'father' 1, 'lord' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾVrw/y-: 'cattle-shed, stall': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrw/y-, 'cattle-shed, stall': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾbl: 'to dry': Proto-Semitic *ʾbl, 'to dry': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾaniy(y)-: 'ship, vessel': Proto-Semitic *ʾaniy(y)-, 'ship, vessel': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾarg(a)w/mānu: 'purple (cloth/dye), tribute': Proto-Semitic *ʾarg(a)w/mānu, 'purple (cloth/dye), tribute': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾaṯir-at-: 'sacred grove/pole; goddess (Asherah)': Proto-Semitic *ʾaṯir-at-, 'sacred grove/pole; goddess (Asherah)': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾil-: 'god, deity; El (supreme god)': Proto-Semitic *ʾil-, 'god, deity; El (supreme god)': reflexes in 16 language(s).
*ʾVrz-: 'cedar': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrz-, 'cedar': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾVbbVl-: 'kind of bird, dove': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbbVl-, 'kind of bird, dove': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾadōn-: 'lord, master (divine and secular)': Proto-Semitic *ʾadōn-, 'lord, master (divine and secular)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾabVr-: 'to fly, soar, take wings': Proto-Semitic *ʾabVr-, 'to fly, soar, take wings': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾam(a)t-: 'maid, girl, handmaid': Proto-Semitic *ʾam(a)t-, 'maid, girl, handmaid': reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾapʕaw-: 'kind of snake (viper)': Proto-Semitic *ʾapʕaw-, 'kind of snake (viper)': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾVlVḫ-: 'be confused': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVḫ-, 'be confused': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾarbaʕ-: 'four': Proto-Semitic *ʾarbaʕ-, 'four': reflexes in 22 language(s).
*ʔannāk-: 'tin': Proto-Semitic *ʔannāk-, 'tin': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*Ulūlu-: 'Elul (Babylonian month VI, late summer)': Proto-Semitic *Ulūlu-, 'Elul (Babylonian month VI, late summer)': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʔAdāru-: 'Adar (Babylonian month XII, late winter)': Proto-Semitic *ʔAdāru-, 'Adar (Babylonian month XII, late winter)': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾaḫ(ʷ)- 1, *(ʾa-)ḫVw-at- 2: 'brother' 1, 'sister' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾaḫ(ʷ)- 1, *(ʾa-)ḫVw-at- 2, 'brother' 1, 'sister' 2: reflexes in 27 language(s).
*ʾabīr-: 'strong, mighty': Proto-Semitic *ʾabīr-, 'strong, mighty': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVlVṣ-: 'press, urge': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVṣ-, 'press, urge': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾbd: 'duration, for ever': Proto-Semitic *ʾbd, 'duration, for ever': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʔbr: 'to be strong, vigorous; (Ethiopic) to be old': Proto-Semitic *ʔbr, 'to be strong, vigorous; (Ethiopic) to be old': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾayat-: 'sign': Proto-Semitic *ʾayat-, 'sign': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾašal-: 'rush': Proto-Semitic *ʾašal-, 'rush': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVṯl-: 'tamarisk': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṯl-, 'tamarisk': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾaṭad-: 'buckthorn': Proto-Semitic *ʾaṭad-, 'buckthorn': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾVṯkāl-: 'cluster of grapes or other fruits': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṯkāl-, 'cluster of grapes or other fruits': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾgr: 'to hire' 1, 'hire, wage, reward' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾgr, 'to hire' 1, 'hire, wage, reward' 2: reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾil(ay): 'towards': Proto-Semitic *ʾil(ay), 'towards': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾṯm: 'to fall into debt, to be guilty': Proto-Semitic *ʾṯm, 'to fall into debt, to be guilty': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾayn-: 'there is not': Proto-Semitic *ʾayn-, 'there is not': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾantinna: 'you (fem. pl.)': Proto-Semitic *ʾantinna, 'you (fem. pl.)': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʔwš: 'to grant, give a gift; gift': Proto-Semitic *ʔwš, 'to grant, give a gift; gift': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾilā/*ʾillā: 'besides, apart from; without': Proto-Semitic *ʾilā/*ʾillā, 'besides, apart from; without': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVd/d: 'to, towards, up to': Proto-Semitic *ʾVd/d, 'to, towards, up to': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾVlV/*ʾVllV: 'these; the ones who, which': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlV/*ʾVllV, 'these; the ones who, which': reflexes in 11 language(s).
*ʾlḳ: 'to chew cud': Proto-Semitic *ʾlḳ, 'to chew cud': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾib-V: 'people': Proto-Semitic *ʾib-V, 'people': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾḏn: 'to give ear, listen; to permit': Proto-Semitic *ʾḏn, 'to give ear, listen; to permit': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾzl: 'to suffer drought; (of rain) to fail': Proto-Semitic *ʾzl, 'to suffer drought; (of rain) to fail': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾlp: 'to be accustomed to, keep to; to learn': Proto-Semitic *ʾlp, 'to be accustomed to, keep to; to learn': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾṣl: 'noble, of noble descent': Proto-Semitic *ʾṣl, 'noble, of noble descent': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVrVg-: 'plait, weave': Proto-Semitic *ʾVrVg-, 'plait, weave': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾn: 'where?, whither?; whence?': Proto-Semitic *ʾn, 'where?, whither?; whence?': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVmVṣ-: 'be strong' 1, 'strong; strength' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVmVṣ-, 'be strong' 1, 'strong; strength' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾawl-: 'precede, be first' 1, 'priority, supremacy' 2, 'strength, (military) force' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾawl-, 'precede, be first' 1, 'priority, supremacy' 2, 'strength, (military) force' 3: reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾantum(ū): 'you (masc. pl.)' (independent pronoun): Proto-Semitic *ʾantum(ū), 'you (masc. pl.)' (independent pronoun): reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾin: 'in, at, through' (preposition): Proto-Semitic *ʾin, 'in, at, through' (preposition): reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾipād-: 'a costly or sacral garment, tunic, ephod': Proto-Semitic *ʾipād-, 'a costly or sacral garment, tunic, ephod': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾabaq-: 'dust, fine powder': Proto-Semitic *ʾabaq-, 'dust, fine powder': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾdr: 'to embrace; fibula': Proto-Semitic *ʾdr, 'to embrace; fibula': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾasupp-: 'outbuilding, storeroom': Proto-Semitic *ʾasupp-, 'outbuilding, storeroom': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾuzr-: 'type of sacrifice': Proto-Semitic *ʾuzr-, 'type of sacrifice': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾwb: 'to return': Proto-Semitic *ʾwb, 'to return': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾāl-: 'lineage, family, clan': Proto-Semitic *ʾāl-, 'lineage, family, clan': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾgl: 'to gather' 1, 'cistern' 2, 'drop (of dew)' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾgl, 'to gather' 1, 'cistern' 2, 'drop (of dew)' 3: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾwy: 'to give refuge, shelter': Proto-Semitic *ʾwy, 'to give refuge, shelter': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾm: 'indeed, now' 1, 'as for' 2 (particle): Proto-Semitic *ʾm, 'indeed, now' 1, 'as for' 2 (particle): reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾay: 'woe!, oh!': Proto-Semitic *ʾay, 'woe!, oh!': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾak(k): 'surely, certainly' 1, 'to wit (introducing an apposite noun)' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾak(k), 'surely, certainly' 1, 'to wit (introducing an apposite noun)' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾišpar-: 'date cake': Proto-Semitic *ʾišpar-, 'date cake': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVdr-: 'threshing floor, granary': Proto-Semitic *ʾVdr-, 'threshing floor, granary': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾpq: 'to go away, go astray': Proto-Semitic *ʾpq, 'to go away, go astray': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾapīq-: 'stream-bed, spring': Proto-Semitic *ʾapīq-, 'stream-bed, spring': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾwd: 'to weigh heavily upon; to exact, have claims': Proto-Semitic *ʾwd, 'to weigh heavily upon; to exact, have claims': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾarīt-: 'shield': Proto-Semitic *ʾarīt-, 'shield': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾabyān-: 'poor, needy': Proto-Semitic *ʾabyān-, 'poor, needy': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾasam-: 'storehouse, granary': Proto-Semitic *ʾasam-, 'storehouse, granary': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾaps-: 'extremity, end' 1, 'only; nevertheless, however' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾaps-, 'extremity, end' 1, 'only; nevertheless, however' 2: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾurubb-at-: 'window, hole in the wall': Proto-Semitic *ʾurubb-at-, 'window, hole in the wall': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾāpan-: 'wheel': Proto-Semitic *ʾāpan-, 'wheel': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾūṭ-: 'span, half cubit': Proto-Semitic *ʾūṭ-, 'span, half cubit': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVsir-: 'bind, join' 1, 'hobble' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVsir-, 'bind, join' 1, 'hobble' 2: reflexes in 20 language(s).
*ʾkp: 'to press, urge' 1, 'to saddle; pack-saddle' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾkp, 'to press, urge' 1, 'to saddle; pack-saddle' 2: reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾahā: 'alas!' (interjection): Proto-Semitic *ʾahā, 'alas!' (interjection): reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾdb: 'to invite to a feast': Proto-Semitic *ʾdb, 'to invite to a feast': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾdy: 'cause; on account of': Proto-Semitic *ʾdy, 'cause; on account of': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾṭr: 'to bend, fence round, close' 1, 'impeded, left-handed' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾṭr, 'to bend, fence round, close' 1, 'impeded, left-handed' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾaḥ: 'alas!, woe!' (interjection of pain) 1, 'oh!, if only!' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾaḥ, 'alas!, woe!' (interjection of pain) 1, 'oh!, if only!' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾagam-: 'reed-pool, marsh' 1, 'reed' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾagam-, 'reed-pool, marsh' 1, 'reed' 2: reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾūd-: 'log, firebrand': Proto-Semitic *ʾūd-, 'log, firebrand': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾgd: 'to tie together' 1, 'bundle, band' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾgd, 'to tie together' 1, 'bundle, band' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾrk: 'to heal; new flesh on a wound' 1, 'repair' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾrk, 'to heal; new flesh on a wound' 1, 'repair' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾṯṯ: 'to grow profusely; lush vegetation' 1, 'raisin cake' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾṯṯ, 'to grow profusely; lush vegetation' 1, 'raisin cake' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾrb: 'to lie in wait, ambush' 1, 'to be cunning, deceive' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾrb, 'to lie in wait, ambush' 1, 'to be cunning, deceive' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾml: 'to wither, dry out' 1, 'to dwindle, languish' 2, 'to be sad' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾml, 'to wither, dry out' 1, 'to dwindle, languish' 2, 'to be sad' 3: reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾll: 'to be corrupt' 1, 'weak, worthless; idol' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾll, 'to be corrupt' 1, 'weak, worthless; idol' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾlm: 'to be dumb; to bind': Proto-Semitic *ʾlm, 'to be dumb; to bind': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾ/wVṣVl-: 'join' 1, 'attach' 2, 'to come, arrive' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾ/wVṣVl-, 'join' 1, 'attach' 2, 'to come, arrive' 3: reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾVbiḳ-: 'run away (of slaves)': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbiḳ-, 'run away (of slaves)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾVbVt-: 'run away': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbVt-, 'run away': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾgm: 'to be hot, angry': Proto-Semitic *ʾgm, 'to be hot, angry': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾwy: 'to fit, match' 1, 'to wish, desire' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾwy, 'to fit, match' 1, 'to wish, desire' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾwn: 'strength, (generative) power' 1, 'wealth' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾwn, 'strength, (generative) power' 1, 'wealth' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾawn-: 'evil, iniquity': Proto-Semitic *ʾawn-, 'evil, iniquity': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVtVy/w-: 'arrive' 1, 'come' 2, 'return' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾVtVy/w-, 'arrive' 1, 'come' 2, 'return' 3: reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾzn: 'weapon, tool': Proto-Semitic *ʾzn, 'weapon, tool': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾsy: 'physician' 1, 'to treat, heal' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾsy, 'physician' 1, 'to treat, heal' 2: reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾlmg: 'almug (a precious timber)': Proto-Semitic *ʾlmg, 'almug (a precious timber)': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾym: 'terror, fear': Proto-Semitic *ʾym, 'terror, fear': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾwb: 'spirit of the dead': Proto-Semitic *ʾwb, 'spirit of the dead': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾēpō: 'then, so': Proto-Semitic *ʾēpō, 'then, so': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾurn-: 'laurel': Proto-Semitic *ʾurn-, 'laurel': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾamad-: 'time considered with regard to its end, term' 1, 'always' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾamad-, 'time considered with regard to its end, term' 1, 'always' 2: reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾnṣ̂: 'insufficiently cooked': Proto-Semitic *ʾnṣ̂, 'insufficiently cooked': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾallūp-: 'chief, commander': Proto-Semitic *ʾallūp-, 'chief, commander': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾayā: 'come on!': Proto-Semitic *ʾayā, 'come on!': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʔibr-: 'thorn, prickle; needle': Proto-Semitic *ʔibr-, 'thorn, prickle; needle': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVhV: 'yes, certainly': Proto-Semitic *ʾVhV, 'yes, certainly': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʔnm: 'weave': Proto-Semitic *ʔnm, 'weave': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾawl-: 'vapor, mist, dew' 1, 'be moist' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾawl-, 'vapor, mist, dew' 1, 'be moist' 2: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾaywa: 'yes': Proto-Semitic *ʾaywa, 'yes': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾwn: 'live comfortably, be at ease': Proto-Semitic *ʾwn, 'live comfortably, be at ease': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾzz: 'order, command; urge, incite': Proto-Semitic *ʾzz, 'order, command; urge, incite': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾVlVm-: 'approach': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVm-, 'approach': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*(ʾV)zVl-: 'go, pass': Proto-Semitic *(ʾV)zVl-, 'go, pass': reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾurim- (<*ʾury-am-?): 'a big stone indicating a road in the desert' 1, 'road' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾurim- (<*ʾury-am-?), 'a big stone indicating a road in the desert' 1, 'road' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾVwVṣ-: 'drive': Proto-Semitic *ʾVwVṣ-, 'drive': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾiš-: 'man': Proto-Semitic *ʾiš-, 'man': reflexes in 8 language(s).
*ʾVḥi/uš-: 'feel, know' 1, 'be considerate, show compassion' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVḥi/uš-, 'feel, know' 1, 'be considerate, show compassion' 2: reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾaram-: 'fortified palace': Proto-Semitic *ʾaram-, 'fortified palace': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾabul-: 'door, gate': Proto-Semitic *ʾabul-, 'door, gate': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾigār- 1, 2 ~ *gʷar- 3: 'wall' 1, 'roof' 2, 'back of the house' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾigār- 1, 2 ~ *gʷar- 3, 'wall' 1, 'roof' 2, 'back of the house' 3: reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾin-: 'spread (of water)': Proto-Semitic *ʾin-, 'spread (of water)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾarum-: 'root': Proto-Semitic *ʾarum-, 'root': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾar(V)ṣ̂-: 'earth': Proto-Semitic *ʾar(V)ṣ̂-, 'earth': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾišs-: 'fire': Proto-Semitic *ʾišs-, 'fire': reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʾVkul-: 'eat': Proto-Semitic *ʾVkul-, 'eat': reflexes in 20 language(s).
*ʾVgVr-: 'chew': Proto-Semitic *ʾVgVr-, 'chew': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾab(V)n-: 'stone': Proto-Semitic *ʾab(V)n-, 'stone': reflexes in 20 language(s).
*ʾVliš-: 'deceive': Proto-Semitic *ʾVliš-, 'deceive': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾaḏay-: 'be sad': Proto-Semitic *ʾaḏay-, 'be sad': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾur-: 'curse': Proto-Semitic *ʾur-, 'curse': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVpVl-: 'set (of the sun)' 1, 'be late' 2, 'be dark' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾVpVl-, 'set (of the sun)' 1, 'be late' 2, 'be dark' 3: reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾanaḳ-: 'admire': Proto-Semitic *ʾanaḳ-, 'admire': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾarān-: 'chest': Proto-Semitic *ʾarān-, 'chest': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾilat-: 'goddess': Proto-Semitic *ʾilat-, 'goddess': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾiṯpat-: 'quiver': Proto-Semitic *ʾiṯpat-, 'quiver': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾabāb-: 'wave': Proto-Semitic *ʾabāb-, 'wave': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾanūq-: 'vulture': Proto-Semitic *ʾanūq-, 'vulture': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾarn-: 'antelope': Proto-Semitic *ʾarn-, 'antelope': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾaw: 'or': Proto-Semitic *ʾaw, 'or': reflexes in 13 language(s).
*ʾayy-: 'which?' 1, 'where?' 2, 'how?' 3: Proto-Semitic *ʾayy-, 'which?' 1, 'where?' 2, 'how?' 3: reflexes in 19 language(s).
*ʾVbVl-: 'mourn': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbVl-, 'mourn': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVbVy-: 'want': Proto-Semitic *ʾVbVy-, 'want': reflexes in 9 language(s).
*ʾVhVb-: 'love': Proto-Semitic *ʾVhVb-, 'love': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVhVl-: 'tribe': Proto-Semitic *ʾVhVl-, 'tribe': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʾim-: 'if': Proto-Semitic *ʾim-, 'if': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʾVlVp-: 'thousand': Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVp-, 'thousand': reflexes in 17 language(s).
*ʾVlVy-: 'howl' 1, 'woe!' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVlVy-, 'howl' 1, 'woe!' 2: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾVnVn-: 'groan': Proto-Semitic *ʾVnVn-, 'groan': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVnVq-: 'groan': Proto-Semitic *ʾVnVq-, 'groan': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVnVy-: 'approach', 'sigh': Proto-Semitic *ʾVnVy-, 'approach', 'sigh': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVp-: 'also': Proto-Semitic *ʾVp-, 'also': reflexes in 10 language(s).
*ʾVpVy-: 'bake': Proto-Semitic *ʾVpVy-, 'bake': reflexes in 14 language(s).
*ʾVrVš-: 'ask' 1, 'desire, wish' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVrVš-, 'ask' 1, 'desire, wish' 2: reflexes in 7 language(s).
*ʾVt-: 'with': Proto-Semitic *ʾVt-, 'with': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾVy-: 'island': Proto-Semitic *ʾVy-, 'island': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVyVb-: 'enemy': Proto-Semitic *ʾVyVb-, 'enemy': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾVzVb-: 'hyssop': Proto-Semitic *ʾVzVb-, 'hyssop': reflexes in 5 language(s).
*ʾVzVr-: 'gird': Proto-Semitic *ʾVzVr-, 'gird': reflexes in 6 language(s).
*ʾVšVr-: 'penis': Proto-Semitic *ʾVšVr-, 'penis': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾVḫVr-: 'late', 'after': Proto-Semitic *ʾVḫVr-, 'late', 'after': reflexes in 21 language(s).
*ʾVṣVl-: 'set-aside': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṣVl-, 'set-aside': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVṣVr-: 'store': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṣVr-, 'store': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾVṭVm-: 'shut': Proto-Semitic *ʾVṭVm-, 'shut': reflexes in 4 language(s).
*ʾVṯVr-: 'go, follow the track; trace, place' 1, 'happiness' 2: Proto-Semitic *ʾVṯVr-, 'go, follow the track; trace, place' 1, 'happiness' 2: reflexes in 15 language(s).
*ʾyt: 'accusative/object particle': Proto-Semitic *ʾyt, 'accusative/object particle': reflexes in 12 language(s).
*ʾagur(at)-: 'small monetary unit, weight': Proto-Semitic *ʾagur(at)-, 'small monetary unit, weight': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾištu/*wṭt: 'with, from; after, since (temporal conjunction)': Proto-Semitic *ʾištu/*wṭt, 'with, from; after, since (temporal conjunction)': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾid/*ʾidā: 'when; then': Proto-Semitic *ʾid/*ʾidā, 'when; then': reflexes in 12 language(s).
*aššu(m): 'because': Proto-Semitic *aššu(m), 'because': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾpkl: 'priest in conquered Nashan': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾpkl, 'priest in conquered Nashan': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾpḳ: 'EXERCISE CONTROL OVER, RESTRAIN': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾpḳ, 'EXERCISE CONTROL OVER, RESTRAIN': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾlh: 'CURSE; SWEAR': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾlh, 'CURSE; SWEAR': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾrp: 'BOUNDARY STONE': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾrp, 'BOUNDARY STONE': reflexes in 3 language(s).
*ʾtb: 'BOUNDARY STONE': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾtb, 'BOUNDARY STONE': reflexes in 1 language(s).
*ʾwd: 'boundary': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾwd, 'boundary': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾwl: 'BRING (BACK)': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾwl, 'BRING (BACK)': reflexes in 2 language(s).
*ʾdb: 'separate, delimit; boundary stone': Epigraphic South Arabian headword *ʾdb, 'separate, delimit; boundary stone': reflexes in 2 language(s).
Updated 6 November 2026